1. Introduction:
1.1. Background to the study:
The construction industry is one the main industries in the words which is growing rapidly. The industry generates employment opportunities and economic growth through creating foreign and local investment opportunities (M. Agung, 2009). In spite of these contributions in nations economic, it has some drawbacks such as environmental pollutions and degradation (Johnson & David, 2008). Construction waste is one of the single largest waste stream which is estimated approximately 50 per cent of all materials used worldwide. Therefore, it is essential to reduce the construction wastes. Construction is a vital connection to the infrastructure and growth of industry all around the world. Building
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1989). Waste minimization in construction industry is significant not only from efficiency point of view, but also, nowadays, concern has been growing about the adverse effect of the waste of building materials on the environment. This kind of waste typically accounts for between 15 and 30% of urban waste, also it is difficult to recycle building materials due to high levels of contamination and a large degree of heterogeneity and often there is insufficient space for its disposal in large cities. (Brooks et al.1994; Bossink and Brouwers 1996; Forsythe and Marsden 1999) Moreover, reduction in availability of future materials energy as well as increasing demands on the transportation system can be the consequences of high levels of construction waste. Wyatt (1978) Considering some building materials and components which use large amounts of non renewable sources of energy, as well as resources that are in danger of depletion, such as timber, sand, and crushed stone (Bossink and Brouwers 1996).
1.2. Statement of the problem:
A wide range of construction companies have been faced with the serious threat that construction waste has been imposed to their profits, which is the reason for the existence of most companies. However, most firms still have no serious attention into the identifying the factors that contribute to
the increase of waste in the construction industry. Many resources
Today’s Designers, Architects and Constructors have a duty of care to strive to produce energy efficient and energy saving buildings. Where possible the sustainability of resources / materials and techniques must be a primary concern in the decision making process.
The construction sector drives a country’s economy. In Australia, the construction industry is a major role of economic growth and is the fourth largest contributor to Australia’s gross domestic product (GDP) (ABS 2010). By 2056, economy activity is estimated to increase five times, energy consumption and manufacturing activity to triple with the population growth increase by over 50% (Akadiri, Chinyio and Olomolaiye 2012). With construction industry affecting the economy, ultimately, it also affects the social, cultural and environmental aspects of the country.
The Construction Industry Institute estimates that there is up to 57% non-value added effort or outright waste in previous construction business models. That translates to over $600 Billion in waste and costly delays in the construction industry each year.
Whether you are tearing down a roof on a residential home or you are renovating a commercial site, these processes produce a lot of waste. With increased waste around the area, your construction site is more prone to accidents. Beyond the fact that accidents can cause accidents, they also expose your business to liability risks. When you reduce the amount of waste from your project, then you reduce the possibility of risks.
The WMP looks at the waste generated during the demolition and construction stages of a new development and ongoing management of the development, with attention on waste reduction.
(ASBEC) suggests that the building sector is directly responsible for around 24% of the total energy use. At present this is split fairly evenly between the residential and commercial building sectors. Reducing energy use
Emergencies are inevitable. Whether they result from natural disasters, hazardous spills or accidents, or even purposeful acts of terrorism towns, cities, counties, states, and nations need to be prepared ahead of time with an effective course of action. The book, Emergency Response Planning for Corporate and Municipal Managers, written by Paul Erickson, challenges agencies and readers to assess the pieces that must be addressed to be effective in responding appropriately to emergencies. In this course, a few of the aspects of management that I learned about were the different types of emergencies, the necessary components of an emergency plan, how to set up a incident command center, and the need for and type of protective gear. Considering that I have been interning for the past two years at a large church that sees over 15,000 people attend each weekend, it is imperative to have a working knowledge of the things that can go wrong and an understanding of how the church can step in to assist the community in a disaster. Having an awareness of potential community threats is a must for the church to continue to be the light of the world and to be available to people in crisis.
Treating an individual with respect and doing right by that person is considered beneficence. According to the Belmont Report, showing an individual that there is a sense of responsibility and not cause any harm to them if they are involved in any research. When an individual is involved in any type of research the person should not harm regardless of the reward. In understanding the beneficence principle a professional is obligated to ensure that the person they are treating is safe and no harm in any way. This principle is notice in the ethical principles of the medical profession. The profession should support to protect their patients and ensure they not receive any harm. Thus, when offering services to a patient the profession
At the moment when we development of events, we also bring some impacts to the environment at the same time. For example, when we are building a conference and exhibition center, we have to concern about carbon emissions because of the engineering machinery we are using. How to correctly deal with construction waste is also a serious problem.
The database consolidation infrastructure build phase also referred to as the construction phase is a daunting phase where multiple factors will be under consideration depending on the system requirements associated with the databases and supporting applications including storage, CPU, cache, RAM and most importantly elastic scalability for future growth or database retirement. Furthermore, considerations of migrating to the Cloud at a future date cannot be bypassed or overlooked.
We can apply advanced framing techniques in construction to prevent waste. This can helps use to reduce the cost of construction. The construction complies with the standard building codes and is highly energy efficient, which means they are affordable, easy to maintain and are extremely long lasting. (Advantages of Using Sustainable Building Materials, n.d.). Thus, it will helps to reduce maintenance cost of house. Besides that, with proper design for water and electrical flow to meet requirement sustainable criteria, we can increase the efficiency of that both utilities and reduce utilities cost. (Dick, 2014)
from embodied greenhouse gases of building materials and 6-8% from transportation of building materials. On the other hand, Yan et al. (2010) did not take into consideration some project phases as maintenance phase, operation phase, and deconstruction/demolition phase. Tang et al. (2013) demonstrated the relationship between project duration, project cost and greenhouse gases emissions. They presented a methodology for construction management practices in the pre-planning stage to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without increasing contractor's financial burden and causing a delay in the contractor's schedule.
Type I – the least combustible building type and considered to be “fire-resistive”. The two most common methods of constructing Type I buildings are by using reinforced concrete or a protected steel frame. The structural members (walls, floors, columns, beams, and roof) are constructed of non-combustible or limited combustible materials that have a specified fire resistance.. These non-combustible materials are defined by the building code that is adopted. The primary fuel load is composed of the contents of the structure.
With great pleasure I submit this semester paper that we have been assigned as an essential requirement for this course, Sustainable Construction. I found the study to be quite interesting, beneficial and knowledgeable. I have tried my best to prepare an effective and creditable paper.
In this study identification of relevant literature has been done in several stages. In the first stage, the relevant keywords have been used to identify the appropriate literature existed in Scopus library. These keywords were “Spoil”, “spoil Management”, “excavation”, “Construction” and “Material Handling”. There were several studies discussing waste, waste management and construction and waste which were excluded in this study to prevent the inception of treating the material as waste in a construction environment. In the second stage, abstracts of identified literature in the last stage have been reviewed carefully