Mika Haekyung Cho
CY
Diabetes Mellitus
Instructor Amanda Salzedo
9/11/14
People who suffer from diabetes have high levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) caused by the way the body produces insulin, the way insulin works in the body, or both. After food ingested it is broken down into protein, fats and carbohydrates or glucose. Glucose is used to fuel the cells of the body but the body needs insulin to enable the cells of the body to use glucose as energy. People with diabetes mellitus do not produce enough insulin for the body or the insulin that is produced is ineffective in its role. While diabetes was classified by the requirement of insulin therapy in the past it is now classified by the
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The National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014, from the CDC, shows that it affects men and women at about the same rate and the prevalence of this disease increases with age (CDC 2014).
Type I or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, the body does not metabolize glucose and this causes hyperglycemia. Type I can occur and develop quickly. Typically, type I diabetes affects people younger than 30 and is sometimes called juvenile-onset diabetes, but it can happen at any age. Type I can occurs when the body’s immune system is triggered to attack the β cells in the islets of the Langerhans of the pancreas. The β cells are destroyed or damaged to the point that they cannot create insulin. There is an ongoing search for the triggering factors of this process; so far it is believed that genetics and viral infections are a cause (Van Belle 2011).
In type II diabetes, or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), the pancreas does not produce enough insulin; the body becomes resistant to normal or high levels of insulin, or both (McCulloch 2013). Type II accounts for approximately 90% of all diabetes cases. Type II diabetes most often occurs in adults, but because of high obesity rates, teens and young adults are now being diagnosed with it. With type II diabetes, fat, liver, and muscle cells do not respond to insulin. This is called insulin
Diabetes (Diabetes Mellitus) is an unremitting disease where in the glucose in the blood is too high. Blood glucose level, or commonly known as the ‘blood sugar level’, are normally regulated by the hormone insulin that is made by the pancreas. Diabetes takes place when a problem in the hormone happens and how the body works. There are different types of diabetes – Type 1, Type 2, Impaired Glucose Metabolism, Gestational Diabetes and the Secondary Diabetes, but the two main
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder, in which the pancreas does not produce insulin. It usually begins in childhood or adolescence. In Type 1 diabetes, the body’s immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas that produce insulin. Insulin is a hormone that converts sugar, starches, and food into energy. Without insulin, blood glucose levels become too high, which is known as hyperglycemia. To prevent hyperglycemia, people with Type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to survive. Genetic and environmental factors affect the onset of Type 1 diabetes. [1] According to the American Diabetes Association, a predisposition to Type 1 diabetes is
Type I diabetes is caused by the body attacking its own pancreas with antibodies and lead to failure in producing the insulin to stabilize the glucose in body. For type II diabetes, it is common among the adulthood
Diabetes is a lifelong disorder in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar by converting sugar, starches, and other foods into engery necessary for daily life. The problem may be caused by too little insulin or the body 's resisitance to using the insulin that is secreted by the pancreas, a small organ that lies behind the lower part of the stomach (Laberge, 2011). As a result, glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed or used by the cells of the body. There are two major types of diabetes mellitus, type 1 and type 2.
IDDM also known as type 1 diabetes is classified as an autoimmune disease. The immune system releases the white blood cells which attack and destroy the pancreatic insulin secreting beta cells. Due to this attack little or no insulin is being released by the pancreas, insulin is not being distributed into the blood there for it is not reaching the liver cell which in turn is not activating the insulin receptors which do not stimulate the glucose transport molecules to the surface of the liver cell causing insufficient break down
Diabetes is considered a metabolic disorder. Glucose is obtained from the food we ingest and normally insulin is released as the glucose levels rise. Insulin is produced in the pancreas by cells called Beta cells. Diabetes results from an imbalance of the hormone insulin. When Beta Cells fail to produce insulin the levels of glucose in the blood rise as the kidney is not able to filtrate the high amounts of glucose in the blood. Another cause of diabetes can be insulin resistance. Insulin resistance occurs when the body is not able to utilize the available insulin. Insulin is in charge of maintaining the proper levels of glucose in the plasma. Insulin levels are raised when the levels of glucose in the blood are high. Insulin activates the absorption of glucose by the cells that need it. The excess glucose is filtered out of the body as urine. This is the cause for constant urination in diabetics. As the body tries to get rid of the excess glucose polyuria occurs. Glucose is of great importance as it provides energy to cells such as those in the muscles and brain to properly function. In diabetics even though there is high levels of glucose the organs are not able to utilize it because insulin is not sufficient and the absorption of glucose by the cells does not occur. Symptoms may not be evident but the may increase as the disease progresses. There are three major types of diabetes, type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes which will be fully explained
Diabetes is a problem with your body producing a higher than normal level of blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes is the most common. Some groups have a higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes than others. Type 2 diabetes is more common in African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, and Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, as well as the aged population (American Diabetes Association, 2018).
Type 1 diabetes, previously known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is primarily a disease of the young given its peak incidence age of 10-12 years for girls and 12-14 years for boys. This disease can actually occur at any age, but most patients are diagnosed before the age of 20 years. Type1diabetes refers to cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic beta islet cells, which leads to insulin deficiency. The immune system mistakenly sees the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas as foreign and destroys them. Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert sugar, starches, and other foods into energy needed for daily life. Insulin serves as “key” to open your cells, to allow sugar to enter and with out insulin, the sugar stays and builds up in the blood resulting in the body’s cells to starve from lack of glucose.
III. Type 1 diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.The body’s immune system attacks the beta cells. Normally, the body protects the body from infection.The immune system attacks the body’s own cells in autoimmune diseases.Beta cell destruction takes several years. Type 1 diabetes occurs mostly in children and young adults. It can appear in any age. In the past,
While type I and type II diabetes have many differences, they share the same result in the body: blood glucose levels that are too high. Type I diabetes is the less common type, accounting for only up to 10% of diabetics as reported by the CDC in 2014. This type of diabetes is a result of one’s own body attacking and destroying insulin-producing cells, making it impossible to maintain a stable internal environment unless it is diagnosed and treated. You may often hear of this type being an “autoimmune” disorder, which in this case means that the body’s own defense system is attacking the insulin producing cells in the pancreas, which depletes the amount of this hormone that is needed to convert glucose into energy. This type is more often seen developing in young children, as it is a disorder rooting from the immune system and is typically a result of genetic factors. Type II diabetes is the type we are more commonly frightened by, as this type of diabetes is affected more by lifestyles and health choices in our adulthood. This type of diabetes is most commonly result of insulin resistance in the body. This means that, even though the pancreas may be producing necessary amount of insulin, the body is not being responsive to the hormone anymore. Although the complete reasons for why this occurs are not fully known and understood yet, there are some links of this disease to obesity, unhealthy
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects the amount of sugar in the blood. There are many types of sugar 2 simpler sugars are called glucose and fructose. Pathophysiology begins when the body does not produce enough insulin to move the glucose into the cell or if the cell stops responding normally to insulin, that resulting increase levels of glucose in the blood and adequate amount of glucose in the cells together produce the symptoms and complications of diabetes. There are two types of diabetes, type 1 or also called insulin-dependent. Type 2 also called non-insulin dependent diabetes. Others like to include pre0diabetes in which blood glucose levels are too high to be named normal but not high enough to be called diabetes.
Diabetes affects people of all ages, and males and females alike, although the proportion of infected males is higher than females.
Glucose is a simple sugar found in food that provides energy to the cells in the body. More complex sugars are broken down in the small intestine and the glucose released is then absorbed into the bloodstream, whereby is it distributed throughout the body. However, glucose needs insulin to enter the cells. Without insulin, the cells become deprived of energy despite the presence of abundant glucose in the blood, and some of the abundant, unused glucose is wasted in the urine. These sustained high blood glucose levels disrupt homeostasis in the body and produce a series of metabolic problems that affect multiple organ systems (Alemzadeh and Ali, 2011). In the following sections I will discuss in detail the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and the ways to diagnose, treat and manage this pervasive disease.
Type 2 Diabetes is also known as adult onset diabetes or non-insulin dependent diabetes. It results from a progressive secretory defect of the pancreatic Beta cell on the background of insulin resistance (Meeking, 2011). Insulin resistance is a disorder in which the cells do not use insulin properly; as the need for insulin rises, the pancreas gradually loses its ability to produce insulin.
In the United States, an estimated 16 million people have diabetes. Diabetes is a serious lifelong condition. Half the 16 million people who have diabetes do not even realize the condition exists and are not receiving treatment. 798,000 people each year are diagnosed with diabetes. It occurs most often in adults, but it is also one of the most chronic disorder in children. It is estimated that 123,000 children ages 19 and below have the disorder. Diabetes is recognized as one of the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. It has contributed to over 193,140 deaths in 1996. It is associated with long term disorder that affects almost every major