Introduction/Background: Transcription in eukaryotes is one of the most vital processes of life that involves a highly controlled and regulated systematic series of events that is mediated through various key factors. The process of transcription occurs when the genetic information stored within DNA becomes activated through the synthesis of complementary mRNA and is thus regulated by RNA polymerases. There are three types of RNA polymerases that distinctively transcribe a specified set of genes. RNA polymerase I and III transcribe genes that have terminal products such as ribosomal subunits, tRNA and small nuclear RNA. For example, RNA polymerase I is located in the nucleolus of eukaryotic cells and is responsible for transcribing 18S, 5.8S, …show more content…
The TATA box is located at a regulatory region of the DNA and is positioned 25 nucleotides upstream from the starting point of transcription. Once TBP is attached, it allows TFIID to bind. The recruitment of three additional TFs, TFIIA, TFIIB, and TFIIF is necessary to prepare the DNA for the binding of RNA polymerase II, thus forming the protein complex. RNA polymerase II must arrive with TFIIE and TFIIH to gather around the TATA box and form the pre-initiation complex. TFIIH utilizes the energy from ATP to unwind the double helical structure of DNA and widens the minor groove. RNA polymerase II becomes phosphorylated by TFIIH and causes a conformational change that initiates RNA synthesis and elongation begins (Berg JM,.et al, 2002). However, preRNAs need to be processed before translation takes place through splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, which ultimately form the mRNA …show more content…
al, other diseases associated with myc abnormalities include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and B-cell lymphomas that together form a clinically aggressive phenotypic disease. Research suggests that there is a spectrum of associated lymphomas that are driven by mutations, rearrangements, and chromosomal abnormalities, however, when these are joined with BCL2 or BCL6 rearrangements the outcome is the onset of highly aggressive diseases such as DHL or THL. Data suggests that due to profiling, there is a particular pattern of expressed genes when myc is amplified in B-cell lymphoma when compared to other types of lymphomas, which supports that even though myc is involved in promoting the expression of targeted genes during transcription, these target genes differ when it comes to other diseases associated with myc. Current treatments are proven to fail when the disease is driven by myc. Therefore, better targeted treatments are necessary when trying to combat myc driven
If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation. While the frequency of metal knifes and plastic forks will decrease. Furthermore, since the organisms with the metal spoon feeding structure have a higher fitness level, this population will evolve by natural selection to a point where the metal spoon phenotype will be in abundant. While the organisms with metal knifes and plastic forks phenotypes will decrease in frequency due to the lack of reproduction. Eventually, if this population persist overtime, most of the organisms, if not all, will have the metal spoon phenotype, while very few, if not any, will have the metal knife or the plastic fork phenotype.
Citrobacter Freundii is a species of bacteria that can be potentially harmful to humans. It is known to cause meningitis by protruding into the brain and replicating itself (1). The Citrobacter species has also been found as a cause of some urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and even gastrointestinal diseases and symptoms (3). C. Freundii can be located in a wide variety of soils and water (3). Lastly, it is also the cause of many nosocomial infections due to its presence in water (1).
Observation: no bugs were found except small, black, gnats were all close to the ground.
I learned that anaerobic is an organism or tissue that is living in the absence of air or oxygen while aerobic is involves the organism or tissue receiving and requiring air. Furthermore I learned about the anaerobic cellular respiration that uses an electron acceptor rather than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis. Also in this reading I learned about fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available.
An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were
Ps: the iodine was already really dark so it was very hard to see much difference between the control and the others.
Use a test tube holder to put the test tube into a container of boiling water for 5 minutes, or until the solution changes color.
The purpose of this experiment was we were trying to see if the number of arthropods would be significantly different in sparse and dense areas of the woods. Ms.Ehnert provided us with the design of a trap to set up in the woods so we could more actually count the amount and types of bugs that we find. The trap was a cup filled with anti-freeze that we put in the ground and then covered it with a paper plait, but raised it so bugs could get in and bigger animals couldn’t. We waited for a week to collect the results and then counted all of them and sorted them. My hypothesis was based off of common sense, the simple assumption that less trees equals less arthropods and more trees equals more arthropods. I knew that living things need a habitat
1.) My hypothesis that the insects would be most repelled by the lemon plant extract was not supported. Our key findings in the experiment do not support my hypothesis because the lemon had a 60% repulsion response and was the second most repulsive behind orange with a 70% repulsion response. Although the Earthworms were repelled by the lemon plant extract, they were more so repelled by the orange plant extract. 2.)
Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general
Translocation Brings the MYC oncogene located at 8q24 into juxtaposition with –the transcriptionally active-immunoglobulin heavy chain IGH genes at locus 14q32 or the light chain loci [ ĸ (t(2;8)(p12;q24) or ʎ t(8;22)(q24;q11)] leading to its ectopic expression and hence, driving the uncontrolled proliferation of BL cells. Though believed to be critical for BL tumorigenesis, studies revealed that Myc translocation –solely- is not sufficient to fully transform B-cells to BL. In fact, other secondary oncogenic mechanisms seem to be as essential in the process of lymphomagenesis (5) (6). Table(2) summarizes genetic aberrations frequently reported in BLs and claimed to play a role in oncogenic transformation of
Electron transport chain in the eukaryotes start in the intermembrane(cristae)of the mitochondria. Multiple copies are present in this inner membrane of mitochondria. This is also where oxidative phosphorylation occurs as the electron transport chain establishes a proton gradient by moving electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen. The four protein complexes labeled I through IV along with associated electron carriers move electrons from one component to the next quickly until the end of this cycle.
newly formed mRNA, there are triplets of nucleotides that match those of a triplet attached to an
Gene expression is the ability of a gene to produce a biologically active protein. This process is regulated by the cells of an organism, it is very important to the survival of organisms at all levels. This is much more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. A major difference is the presence in eukaryotes of a nuclear membrane, which prevents the simultaneous transcription and translation that occurs in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription is started by RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by interaction with regulatory proteins; these proteins can act both positively, as activators, and negatively as repressors. An example of gene regulation in cells is the activity of the trp operon. The trp
One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.