Formulation of ICPNP Using Electrostatic Interaction in between SA

Nanocrystals are made up of drug with only little amount of surfactant (below critical micelle concentration (CMC)) to stabilize formulation [14]. Most of the nanoparticles are made up of large amount of excipients which is not the case with nanocrystals as most of the part is only the drug. Besides lower amount of stabilizers makes toxicity issues associated with nanosuspensions negligible and offers ease of scale-up and better physical stability compared to amorphous form [15, 16]. Different methods are classified as top-down (high pressure homogenization, media milling, and sonication) and bottom-up techniques (nanoprecipitation) for effective production of Nanocrystals [17]. Development of nanocrystal based formulation of risperidone can be advantageous to tackle the problem of poor water solubility. Numerous solidification techniques are used to increase physical stability of nanosuspensions as spray drying, lyophilization and many more based upon the properties of drug and characteristics of final formulation. Amongst all these techniques lyophilization is used predominantly for nanosuspension solidification.

In this synthesis, the glycerol acts as the solvent for the synthesis reaction as well as the reducing agent and as stabilizers of the AuNP. Therefore, this work describes the self-assemblage of AuNP photochemically synthetized in glycerol on vesicles structures. After the optimization of some analytical features of the AuNP synthesis (irradiation time, HAuCl4 concentration), these AuNP were immobilized onto vesicles structures composed by the phospholipid DOPC (1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine). This nanosystem was characterized by using UV-VIS spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results show that the vesicles were decorated with gold nanoparticle of (8 nm) with the advantage that the method is fast and reliable since no nanoparticle extraction is needed and can be used in immunoafinnity column and biosensor field.

The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles that have been identified as important factors in uptake and toxicity include crystal structure, size, surface charge, surface energy, and chemical composition [14].

The selection of the benzidine and o-phenylenediamine monomers for polymerization, is to form the corresponding potential poly(benzidine-co-o-phenylenediamine) emeraldine base which obviously, comprise of a particular quantity of the surface amino groups, supporting the binding of organic units that have acidic features with the composite surface [2-3]. For example, thyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, and doxorubicin have been revealed that the nanoparticles are promising as drug carriers [2-3] or antibacterial reagents [ ].

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 40,000 individuals in Egypt alone and 2.5 million people worldwide. MS is also categorized as an autoimmune disease in which the immune system instigates an immune response upon encountering the specific myelin antigen and therefore initiating a constant degradation of the myelin sheath. The frequent loss of the myelin leads to irreversible progressive axonal damage and eventually neural death. Unfortunately, there is no cure for MS. This projects aims to ameliorate neurological structure and function in MS patients by the oral administration of Nanocurcumin. Nanocurcumin is synthesized by loading curcumin on poly (n-butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles and is coated with polysorbate-80 to ensure the direct delivery of the nanocurcumin across the blood brain barrier and to the brain. Nanocurcumin is expected to attenuate the neurological symptoms of MS through downregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and endorse the production of neurotrophic factors that aids in neuroprotection and myelin repair.

Colloidal drug carriers offer a number of potential advantages as delivery systems for, weakly soluble compounds. The first generation of colloidal carriers, in particular liposomes and submicron-sized lipid emulsions are, however, associated with several drawbacks which so far have prevented the wide use of these carriers in drug delivery. As an alternative colloidal delivery system melt emulsified nanoparticles based on solid lipids have been proposed. Careful physicochemical characterization has demonstrated that these lipid-based nanosuspensions (solid lipid nanoparticles) are not just emulsions with solidified droplets. Colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles can be used to improve the therapeutic

The ideal polymers for nanoparticle production must be biodegradable and biocompatible. Moreover, when NPs are produced as buccal delivery systems, the polymers must be mucoadhesive to increase residence time, enhancing the amount of drug that permeates the mucosa and reaches systemic circulation [86]. The mucoadhesion can be obtained either by the formation of electrostatic or hydrogen bonds. Since mucin presents a negative net charge, cationic polymers are preferable for production of mucoadhesive NPs. Moreover, due to hydrophilic nature of mucin, polymers that present a higher number of functional groups capable of establishing hydrogen bonds are preferable

Two of their main characteristics allows a major advantage over non-biodegradable delivery systems. Biodegradability is an important first characteristic of the polymer, and thus not required to remove it. The second one being the release rate more regular and less dependent on the intrinsic property of the polymer used. Commercially, Poly lactic acid as a polymeric carrier is the choice on account of their harmlessness to the human body. As cognized, the smaller particles give rise to faster release rates and hence used in this study for drug delivering

The average diameter of the particles was determined by unimodal analysis through photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) at 25oC and at a fixed angle of 173º. Samples were transferred to a DTS0012 cell and analyzed in Zetasizer NanoZS90 equipment (Malvern Instruments, England). The data reported were particle size, and the polydispersity index (PDI). Data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of at least three different batches of each formulation.

Pharmacy is a noble profession, a profession which touches upon lives; which couples medicine and technology, combines chemistry and biology, to produce a cauldron of exciting formulations and an array of opportunities. Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance, which may include generic drugs, into dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, creams, gels, ointments, transdermal and transmucosal patches, solutions, sprays, eye and ear drops, injectables and many others. I would like to come up with a creative yet economically viable process for enhancing drug delivery to improve the effectiveness of existing therapies. The scope and versatility of novel drug delivery systems enraptures me, and I am eager to play my part.

Biomaterials have been successfully developed and applied in biomedical devices. Natural polymers are readily accepted by the body and possess high bioactivity and biocompatibility. Chitosan, a copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine, and is among the most abundant biopolymers on earth and has been used in a wide range of biomedical applications. Chitosan a polycationic polymer comprise of different functional groups that can be modified with a wide range of ligands. The unique physicochemical properties offer chitosan great potential in a range of biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery vehicles, and enzyme immobilization for biosensing. This chapter focuses on the fundamental uses of chitosan in

Innovation is the key word in the present era. As scientists are engrossed in development of newer drug molecules, there has also been a continuous demand for the development of delivery forms for these drugs. The main focus is on achieving reduced dosage and to make the drugs more cost effective.

One reason for the use of Carbon Nanotubes, as stated earlier, is because of small size. As carbon nanotubes are extremely small, they are able to move around the blood stream easily. Other uses of Carbon Nanotubes in the delivery of medicine are their use as channels for biosensors, sheath for enzymes and transfection in DNA. Carbon nanotubes are said to be the next generation of technology in drug delivery. This is for many reasons such as its water solubility, it has a highly stable dispersion and has

It is widely applied to the hydrogels as biomaterials. Mixtures of Dimethylsulfoxide and water have also been used in biological applications ranging from antibacterial activity to membrane permeability [1]. Polymer solvent interaction affects significantly the physical and chemical properties of polymer solutions. Formations of co-solvents play an important role on the preferential adsorption phenomenon of the solution properties of a ternary system of co non- solvency which relates the molecular interaction. Tacx et al. [2] explains the different affinity between the two solvents and PVA. Water could only be a moderate good solvent for low molecular weight PVA, the formation of aggregates occurs easily and PVA completely dissolved in DMSO and forms the solutions. The chemical structure, the dipole moments and the donor-acceptor properties of each component could clarify these molecular interactions which changes with the compositions of the solvent mixture and the formation of a third component i.e., co-solvent complex. The dilute PVA/DMSO/water solution would give rise to various phenomena of preferential adsorption coefficient [3].

Nanotechnology, the term derived from the Greek word nano, meaning dwarf, applies the principles of engineering, electronics, physical and material science, and manufacturing at a molecular or submicron level. The materials at nanoscale could be a device or a system or supramolecular structures. Earlier Albert Franks defined it as ‘that area of science and technology where dimensions and tolerances are in the nano range. Nanomaterials are the most promising tool in nanotechnology that posses very unique size dependent properties that makes them superior and indispensable in many areas of human activity. In recent years, synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles have received considerable attention because of their distinctive properties and potential uses in various fields like microelectronics, photocatalysis, magnetic devices, biotechnology and biomedical fields. Various nanoformulations have already been studied and applied as drug delivery systems with great success and they still have greater potential for many applications like drugs, antibiotics, protein delivery, imaging techniques, anti-tumour therapy and as a carrier for Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) crossing (Yezhelyev, 2006; Chen, 2013; Naahidi, 2013). Nanoparticles provide massive advantages regarding drug targeting, controlled release and can be combined with diagnosis and other imaging therapy, hence, emerge as one of the major tools in nanomedicine (Shrivastav, 2013; Jain, 2012).