Genotype Lab

Genomic DNA is heterogenrous because it shows 2 fragments on 2% agarose gel which come from parents, mom and dad. Moreover, the tandem repeats(n) is within the standard limit (14-41) of heterogenic DNA. So, the sample is heteregenerous.

The first step in determining whether or not an individual was a taster or non-taster of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) was to obtain a sample of their DNA. Salt water was flushed in cheeks vigorously for 90 seconds and then the salt water was emptied back onto the 15-ml tube. The tube was centrifuged for 2 minutes to produce a pellet at the bottom of the tube. Then, the liquid was drained off of the top of the contents in the tube to leave only the pellet. Next, 15ml of Chelex was added to the tube containing the pellet.

Using the results, it was possible to determine that the FBBS class data had genotype frequencies that strongly differed from those of the USA sample. Using this information, we were also able to determine that more than half of the FBBS class expressed the presence of the Alu insertion in their genome. This further agrees with the USA sample data, as the presence of the Alu insertion was expressed in about three-fourths of the sample population.

The markers showing linkage are markers B, C, and D since they are more prevalent and highly associated with the mutant allele.

For this experiment, my hypothesis was that the population was not going to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over the course of three generations. This is because in Rendel’s literature, he states that disturbances of mating can appear due to gene changes which can give rise to drastic fitness reductions of the animals that have been

The results show that under selection factors and environmental differences natural selection determines which allele should become more common. In the control simulation the frequency of white alleles to brown alleles, once this mutation was added, was about the same amount. It was almost half white and half brown. In simulation two the environment was an equatorial climate such as a forest and wolves were used as the predatory influence. Once the predatory factor was introduced it can be seen that the alleles of white fur decreased and at the end of the simulation the allele was almost lost. Thus, brown fur alleles were naturally selected in the equatorial environment. The fur color blends in with the environment helping them become harder to find by predators. Whereas, for the white bunnies their phenotype stood out in an equatorial environment causing them to be caught easily. Hence, it can be said that the brown fur alleles had a higher fitness which is why their occurrence was greater and that the white allele was less fit leading to less offspring being produced. Consequently, this supports my hypothesis that the brown fur allele would have a higher frequency in the equatorial environment.

The population geneticist is a professor in the UC San Francisco School of Pharmacy, Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and serves as a core member in the Quantitative Biosciences Institute and the Institute for Human Genetics.

In order to test for specific genetic mutations in an individual, such as the Val158Met variation, the COMT gene itself needs to be

The purpose of this experiment was to determine how changing environmental factors would affect the allele frequencies in a population of white, brown, and black moths. More specifically, the aim was to see if final allele frequencies would coincide with the Hardy-Weinberg theory of evolution, or if genetic drift, amplified by environmental disasters, would play a significant role in the outcome of the experiment.

7.) A: The genotypes are TTCC, TTCc, TtCC, and TtCc. B: The genotypes are ttCC and ttCC. C: The genotypes are TTcc and Ttcc. D: This genotype would be ttcc. E: This genotype would be TtCc. F: Such a person could produce TT, Tt, tt, CC, Cc, and cc gametes.

The gel was covered with a buffer and then six samples labeled A-F were deposited into the wells using a micropipette. Three of these samples (A, B, C) were control samples to compare to D, E, and F (the mother, child, and father). The safety cover was placed on the unit and then brought to a power source. The leads were connected the chamber and left for approximately 20 minutes. The agarose gel was removed from the tray and placed onto a sheet of plastic wrap. An Ethidium Bromide card was placed face down onto the gel to stain for approximately 5 minutes. Finally, the card was removed and the gel was placed on top of a UV light. The samples were pushed towards the center due to opposite electric charges. Agarose gel separates the DNA samples by the way they were cut. The restriction enzyme MST II cuts the DNA strand at CC/TNAGG where N is any nucleotide base. If the enzyme recognizes this, it is cut. If it does not recognize it then the strand is left whole. We were able to observe the DNA strands due to them being dyed and placed over a UV light. The control samples were utilized so that the other samples could be compared to test for their genotype. The data was analyzed in this way to differentiate between the different genotypes and the number of bars they

In this case, the gene was inherited from the mother to her offspring(s) due to a mutation found

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With this knowledge, a better analysis of population relationships can be achieved. In addition, amplification of a specific Alu insertion with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to study not only human migrational patterns, but also genetic mapping and genetic disorders (Novick et al., 1993). There are many different applications this jumping gene has on the research associated with DNA. However, the purpose of this experiment was to analyze the frequency of the Alu allele for the entire class population and determine whether the class was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, which would suggest that the allele frequency does not change over time. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the Alu allele after the DNA was isolated, then gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the

A molecular marker may be a short DNA sequence such as a sequence surrounding a single base-pair change like single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or a long one like minisatellites (Jeffreys et al., 1985) and microsatellites (Jarne and Lagoda, 1996). That leads to the development of a new type of marker that is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (He et al., 2003). However, AFLP markers are devoid of dense marker maps, so still used for QTL mapping and genetic diversity studies in species (Nicholas, 1997; Van Haeringen et al., 2001). With time the RFLPs was replaced by microsatellites for building genetic maps in human and animal species. Factor responsible for development of microsatellites are firstly, at a single microsatellite locus large number of alleles are found thereby, developing a high heterozygosity values enabling to reduce the number of reference families to be used for building the map and secondly, the possibility to perform genotypes by simple PCR followed by allele sizing on polyacrylamide gels (Dinesh et al., 1995). Some points should be taken into consideration when using molecular markers for genetic studies. As for molecular biologists the genotyping procedure should be simple and cheap in order to generate the vast amount of genotyping data as often necessary. From the statistician's angle some characteristics are most important like the dominance relationships, information content, neutrality, map positions or genetic