Identification Of Conserved Regulatory Motif

OsHsFa2e and OsHsf7, have been confirmed to functionally work in vivo. Transgenic crops, such as rice, with expressing OsHsfA2e are known to be more tolerant to the heat and stress than any other plants.

Methyl-seq was performed on genomic DNA isolated from lymphoblasts, providing DNA methylation patterns of the entire genome for each individual. Several loci displayed hypermethylation in both BPD patients compared to their unaffected siblings. When the lymphoblast cells were treated with a therapeutic dose of lithium (1mM), results showed hypomethylation at several loci. Among these, one locus had been hypermethylated in the BPD cells. This differentially methylated locus was where the novel lncRNA, LINC00486, was located. Sequencing data has indicated LINC00486 is found in human chromosome 2 and is flanked by genes TTC27 and LTBP1. A mouse homolog has yet to be discovered. Three distinct RNAs are predicted to be transcribed from the LINC00486 locus, each of different lengths and containing different exons.

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNA, usually 17-25 nucleotides long that are able to bind complementary sequences of target messenger RNA (mRNA) and to induce both their degradation and translational repression (Fortunato, et al 2014). They are one of the most significant classes of non-coding RNA molecules (eg. small interfering RNA (siRNA) and ribozymes) that act within the cell. MiRNAs are also evolutionary conserved in different species from plants to humans and are encoded by their respective genes (Bader, 2012).

Conservative helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK) is a protein kinase has many cellular targets and also plays a role in NF-kappa B transcription. NF-kappa B is a key mediator in immunity. The CHUK SNP rs11591741 was also associated with response to etanercept (Murdaca 2014).

During testing our developed primers in August 2015, I began work on my Honor’s Thesis to understand mRNA expression changes during a common chemical treatment used by many growers to change the sex of the plant for seed production. Through growing female plants and treating some branches with silver thiosulfate, these plants will produce both male and female flowers, which can be harvested throughout the growing process. These flowers will have RNA extracted at three time points, which will then be processed, sequenced and

These chemical signals set off a cascade of gene activity in the A. tumefaciens which direct a series of events required for the transfer of tDNA from the plasmid into the plant’s cells through the wounds of the plant. The tDNA then moves into the nucleus of the plant cell and becomes integrated into the plant chromosome (Understanding GMOs).

During testing our developed primers in June 2015, I began work on my Honor’s Thesis to understand mRNA expression changes during a common chemical treatment used by many growers to change the sex of the plant for seed production. Through growing female plants and treating some branches with silver thiosulfate, these plants will produce both male and female flowers, which can be harvested throughout the growing process. These flowers will be have RNA extracted at three time points, which will

The control in this experiment was the full media plate. The independent variable manipulated in this study was the media type that the seeds were grown on. The dependent variable measured was the varying levels of miRNA expression. I did a full media plate. The plates were then allowed to grow for two weeks. The full media plate was used in comparison to the low phosphorus and low sulfur plates. After growth the plants were collected with sterilized tweezers and grinded using a lysis mix and a pestle. Next, the kit used for isolating the small RNAs was a Sigma mirPremier microRNA isolation kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. The microRNAs were then run in the thermocycler performing reverse transcription reactions to convert the RNAs into single-stranded complementary DNAs. Reverse Transcriptase Master Mix was used for the reverse transcription reactions. Lastly, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qt-PCR) was used to analyze the microRNA levels. Four microRNAs were examined for each media type. Every media type was analyzed using this procedure and U6 was used as the reference gene for analysis. A U6 Master mix and miRNA master mix were used for analysis of each media type. The four primers used for analysis were miR156, miR395, miR398 and miR399. The efficiency values, E, were then obtained from the previous study (data

In contrast to Sc, Ca, and Mo that share the Pan1-Las17/Bee1 endocytic pathway, Cn appears to adopt a distinct Cin1-Wsp1 endocytic pathway for transport, growth, and virulence [22]. Both Cin1 and Wsp1 display domain structures similar, but not identical, to human ITSN1 and WASp than to Sc/Ca Pan1 and Las17/Bee1 [23, 24]. These findings suggest a unique intracellular transport process occurring in Cn and raise several important questions. As endocytic proteins function by interacting with other partner proteins, what are the other binding partners of Cin1 in the pathway? Does Cin1-mediated endocytic pathway contribute to specific virulence characteristics? We are uniquely positioned to address these critical questions.

miRNAs of Chlorophyta and plants evolved independently. The degrees of complementarity between miRNAs and their targets are different as plants always requires a more accurate complementarity in post-transcriptional processes than animals. However, scientists

The large subunit (PriL) of the primase is a regulatory, non-catalytic subunit, where its exact role is still undefined. Nonetheless, PriL, and in particular PriL-C-terminal domain (PriL-CTD), has been shown to have an essential role at the initiation stage of primer synthesis, but not during the extension step. In fact, it is an essential gene in yeast. It has also been inferred that PriL-CTD, is involved in the primase counting mechanism (p58 .counting..). The PriL-CTD has an iron-sulfur cluster which seems to play a structural role in conserving the correct three-dimentional structure of the CTD (Agarkar et al. 2011 ; Sauguet et al. 2010 ; Vaithiyalingam et al. 2010 ). To date, the structure of PriL has not been solved in its integrity. Instead, substructures of a C-terminally truncated version of PriL (PriL-ΔCTD) have been solved in archaea and human (….). In addition, the structure of PriL-CTD has been reported for both yeast and human. In fact, two crystal structures were reported for the human p58C (C terminal domain of the human large subunit) (…..).

The Pax gene family encodes for highly conserved DNA-binding transcription factors that play a vital role in embryonic development. All Pax proteins have a paired-box, DNA-binding domain of 128 amino acids located at the amino-terminal end, and is very highly conserved in Drosophila melanogaster, human, and mouse genes (Mansouri et al. 1996). Each different paralogous Pax gene has a crucial role in D. melanogaster and vertebrate development in terms of morphogenesis, organogenesis, cell differentiation, and oncogenesis (Mansouri et al. 1996). However, in this paper, the importance of Pax6’s discovery, mutations, and signaling pathway will be emphasized. It is worthy to note that Pax6 does not operate in a hierarchical linear signaling pathway but instead, in a massive network with numerous feedback loops. It is impossible to cover all possible feedback loops; therefore, the focus of the signaling pathway will be on the lens placode.

    The development of recombinant DNA techniques have allowed desired genes to be inserted into a plant genomes resulting in plants that are totally different to the parent plant. The first genetically modified plant-antibiotic resistant tobacco and petunias-were produced in 1983, but it was until 1994 that US markets saw the first genetically modified species of tomato, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Since then, several transgenic crops have received FDA

Instead of transferring large blocks of genes from donor plant to recipient, small isolated blocks of genes are put into the plant chromosome through biolistics, vectors, or protoplast transformation (Horsch 1993). Biolistics is a technique that shoots the gene block into the potential host cell. In order for the process to succeed, the microscopic particles and DNA must enter the cell nuclei and combine with the plant chromosome. Biolistics is commonly used but has a slight failure risk since the breeder has little control over the destination of the gene block (Mooney & Bernardi 1990). Bacteria or viruses can also carry the gene blocks into a new cell. Common vectors in gene transfer between plants are Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. In the soil, the bacteria will infect the plants with their own plasmid, transferring the desired gene that was placed in the bacteria's DNA. Vector gene transfer is a preferred method of transformation since this modification already occurs naturally in the environment (Rudolph & McIntire 1996). Last is protoplast transformation, which uses enzymes to dissolve the cellulose in the plant wall that leaves a protoplast. Once a specific gene block is added to the protoplast, the cell wall will re-grow into a transgenic plant.

The coding region of the gene is usually fused to a promoter, most commonly used is the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CMV), in order to promote higher expression levels. (Snow et. al, 1997) The popular method for genetic engineering of crop plants is natural gene transfer via an Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector, a bacterium normally found in soils. The transfer-DNA (T-DNA) vector is made by inserting the desired gene fragment in between specific 25bp repeat domains in the bacterium. The vector is then inserted into the Agrobacterium and "the virulence gene products of Agrobacterium actively recognize, excise, transport, and integrate the T-DNA region into the host plant genomes." (Conner et. al, 1999) The amount of DNA transferred is only about 10kb and the nature of the gene is usually well understood. The expression of the gene introduced can also be controlled by adding additional sequences that might allow the gene to be constitutively expressed, expressed only in certain cell types, or expressed as a result of different environmental changes. This method of gene transfer, however, will only work for the natural host range of the bacterium and therefore other methods are used for additional crop plants. Such methods are uptake of naked DNA by electroporation or particle gun bombardment. The use of genetic markers, as mentioned previously, allows for the preferential growth of cultures that contain the new genetic