human genome consists of conserved sequences shared by all mammals. Interestingly, over two thirds of these sequences do not code for protein, but this does not necessarily mean that they are non-functional. One likely possibility is that these non-coding regions conserved throughout the mammalian genome function in genetic regulation. However, before determining the function of these regions within the genome, they must first be identified. After determining the conserved sequences, they can then
INTRODUCTION Regulatory factor is bound with genomic DNA to protect the sequence from cleavage through DNase I. With the help of DNase I, it is easy to identify the 41 diverse cells with nucleotide resolution. Around 45 million transcription factors are detected in the regulatory regions. They represent the binding to the elements that are of short sequence. Genetic variations affect the allelic chromatin which is present in concentrated manner in the footprints. But these variations effects
(if two SNARE motifs are in the same protein, there will be two t-SNAREs). Therefore, a number of SNARE proteins exist in one single genome. For example, 25 SNARE family members have been found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 36 members in humans and 54 members in Arabidopsis thaliana. Figure ? shows the distribution of SNAREs in yeast and mammals. It is worth to note that v-SNARE is also termed as R-SNARE because a highly conserved Arginine residue is in the central of its SNARE motif. Accordingly,
LIST OF TABLES VII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS VIII PREFACE IX CHAPTER 1 INTRADUCTION 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 SNARE proteins 4 1.2.1 The identification of SNARE proteins 4 1.2.2 The Structure of SNARE proteins 7 1.2.3 The functions of SNARE proteins 13 1.2.4 The assembly of SNARE complex 19 1.2.5 The regulation of SNARE complex 22 1.3 The Exocyst Complex 24 1.3.1 The identification of the exocyst complex 24 1.3.2 The structure of the exocyst complex 27 1.3.3 The functions of of the exocyst complex 35 CHAPTER
which is the expression of a gene requiring the information encoded in the DNA copied by RNA polymerase to make new mRNA. Step 2 consists of taking the information inside the mRNA and translating it to make the protein while using the ribosome. The regulatory proteins are used to sense the signals that bind to the DNA to regulate the transcription initiation made by RNAP. Dr. Henkin discussed a “Riboswitch” which is one of the most important words she talked about during the presentation. A “Riboswitch”
stress. This locus (ngg) is also found in Pseudomonads (Sagot et al., 2010) with a conserved function on NaCl. RpoE2 (smc01506) is a sigma factor with extracytoplasmic function involved in the general stress response of Sinorhizobium meliloti. It is also up regulated in the response to NaCl, and rpoE2::hph reduces the ability to survive desiccation (Sauviac and Bruand, 2014). 12.1.3. The search for loci conserved in the response to NaCl in S. meliloti and R. etli Although the heterogeneity of soil
California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser17 [available at: http://genome.ucsc.edu/] was used to identify peaks in histone modifications associated with promoters (H3K4Me3) or regulatory elements (H3K4Me1 and H3K27Ac), open chromatin conformations (DNase I hypersensitivity) and transcription factor (TF) binding sights. Identification of SNPs that are in high linkage disequilibrium with rs12670798 The Broad Institute 's SNAP proxy search18 [available at: http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/snap/] and Haploview19
Dennis Nguyen Dr. Ann H. West CHEM 4923 - 001 16 November 2014 SIRT6 Structure and Function Introduction SIRT6 is one of seven proteins belonging to a family of human silence information regulatory proteins. These proteins are more commonly known by the name sirtuins or by the abbreviation 'SIR '. Sirtuins have been studied in a number of different model organisms including yeast, drosophila, and mice. In yeast, the SIR2 gene frequently associated with expanding the lifespan through metabolic regulation
integrated by viral genomes. Therefore, this discovery was made by studying the genomes of bacterial cells; which shed light on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) identified in many bacterial genomes. Therefore, the identification of CRISPR was first discovered in 1987 but its function was unknown at the time. However, the significance of these genetic elements came into light in the early 2000s as they began to be identified in a number of prokaryotes. Furthermore, it
hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), and small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) were reported to modulate gene expression in distinct ways, especially via mRNA processing and degradation (Harrison et al. 2009). RNA interference (RNAi) is a conserved mechanism that eukaryotes employ small double-stranded RNAs to regulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner at the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional levels (Fire et al. 1998). Interestingly, the phenomenon that the introduction