Increasing the Bioavailability of Eye Drops Essay

C) In-situ gel systems A disadvantage of solutions is their moderately short seat time in the eye, which can be avoided via the development of solutions that are liquid in container and this can be instilled as eye drop but transformed to gel on contact with the tear fluid. Thus, it increase contact time with the possibility of improve drug absorption and increase duration of therapeutic effect. In general, the gelation of a polymeric solution can be triggered by a number of factors (Hatefi and

cornea, drainage of the administered dose into the lachrymal duct, leads to systemic side effects and short term therapeutic effect due to eye blinking results in frequent dosage regimen. Barriers in Ocular Drug Delivery System 1. Drug loss from the ocular surface After instillation, the flow of lacrimal fluid removes instilled compounds from the surface of the eye. Even though the lacrimal turnover rate is only about 1 μl/min the excess volume of the instilled fluid is flown to the nasolacrimal duct

these new chemical entities (NCEs) in addition to many existing parent drugs often show poor solubilization behaviour which lead to poor oral bioavailability with wide intra- and inter- subject variation and present formulators with considerable technical challenges. [1] Many approaches have been meticulously explored to improve the oral bioavailability of such drugs including particle size reduction (micronization or nanosizing), complexation, and modification of the physicochemical properties

opportunities. Pharmaceutics deals with the formulation of a pure drug substance, which may include generic drugs, into dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, creams, gels, ointments, transdermal and transmucosal patches, solutions, sprays, eye and ear drops, injectables and many others. I would like to come up with a creative yet economically viable process for enhancing drug delivery to improve the effectiveness of existing therapies. The scope and versatility of novel drug delivery systems enraptures

Clinical Background The drug called Cialis was originally founded by the company called Glaxo Wellcome, more commonly known as GlaxoSmithKline, which was established as a partnership between Glaxo and ICOS to develop new drugs in August 1991. In 1998, ICOS Corporation and the Eli Lilly and Company formed the Lilly ICOS, LLC to further develop and commercialize tadalafil (Cialis) as a treatment for ED (Erectile Dysfunction). The Eli Lilly and Company had made long strides in the drug industry as ICOS

Therefore, fluid balance will be under less precise control. In addition, thirst mechanisms are less sensitive. Thus, an elderly person runs the risk of dehydration; Consequences of dehydration include confusion, dry lips, sunken eyes, increased body temperature, dizziness and low blood pressure (Rudman, 2008). 8. Immune System Immunocompetence decline with age. These changes result in diminish ability to fight infections and malignancies, leading to prevalence of a variety of

1.0 Introduction Five portions a day of fruits and vegetable intake is encouraged due to the crucial role of fruits and vegetables in preventing diseases. Vaccinium genus (family Ericaceae), as known as good source of polyphenols, have been investigated health promoting properties for decades. The nutrients in Vaccinium berries include water, protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrate, sugars, vitamin C, folate, vitamin A, vitamin K, and minerals(1). Polyphenols are the potential bioactive compounds(BAC)

Introduction Throughout the last decade and into the current century the older population will continue expand in size and diversity. Individual older people differ greatly from one another in their nutrient requirements and need for nutrition services. The aging individual in good health who exercises regularly and takes few medications may have nutrient requirements that are similar to those of younger adults of the same sex, build, and health status. Conversely, the chronically ill elderly adult

Invasive Mycoses Fungi have emerged over the past several decades as major contributors to human disease.(1, 2) As populations of immunocompromised and/or hospitalized patients continue to increase, so will the incidence of invasive fungal infections. A recent study reported that fungemia in the United States increased by 207% between 1979 and 2000.(3) Moreover, as the populations at risk for fungal infection continue to expand, so will the spectrum of pathogens capable of infecting those individuals

phosphate is a white to almost-white solid with a molecular weight of 513.5 (406.5 carvedilol free base) and a molecular formula of C24H26N2O4•H3PO4•1/2 H2O. Half life: 6-8 h Melting Range: 148-150 °C Log P: 3.5 pKa: 7.4 BCS Class: Class II drug Bioavailability: 25-35% Solubility: Free soluble