2 Approaches to needs analysis
The most important models of needs analysis include a sociolinguistic model (Munby, 1981), a systemic approach (Richterich & Chancerel, 1978), a learning-centred approach (Hutchinson & Waters, 1987), learner-centred approaches (Berwick, 1984; Brindley, 1989) and a task-based approach (Long, 2005).
2.1 A sociolinguistic model
Munby (1981) develops an influential sociolinguistic model for defining the content of purpose-specific language programmes. His model can be