Longitudinal Studies Vs Cross Sectional Studies

After some research the experimenter obtained opinions about the outcome of the experiment from psychiatrists, college sophomores,

In a laboratory study of sleep deprivation, researchers employed a variety of techniques to keep volunteers awake for variable amounts of time. One group of participants was kept awake for 24 hours, and the other was kept awake for 48 hours. During periods of forced wakefulness, participants were required to engage verbal learning tasks such as memorizing the definitions of obscure English words. At the conclusion of the period of forced wakefulness, participants were allowed to sleep for as

| -They produce data on very specific, narrow topic i.e. the relationship between two variables-Experimenting on human beings in care situations raises difficult ethical issues (Moonie, Stretch, et al, 2003).-Participants usually know that they are in an experiment which may affect the behaviour they produce-It may be time consuming(Stanley, Boswell, et al, 2009).

Participants attended sessions six (6) times per week for six (6) consecutive months. Each session consisted of 15 minutes devoted to a test session and 60 minutes of a practice session. The hour session was divided in two 30 minutes. Study group # 1 received 30

The present study concerns longitudinal research on bullying perpetration and peer victimization. A focus is on school factors of school climate and school identification which are conceptualized related but distinct constructs.

Longitudinal research studies have also indicated that early physical abuse or neglect as a child can increase the risk of the child being antisocial or committing violent, nonviolent, or status offenses in the future.

Yet, within experimental research settings it may have too many constraints that are beyond a non-experimental applications. Reed (2008) points out that in a classroom environment there could be various confounds reinforcing the target behavior. In such environments understanding the associations between treatments outcomes becomes difficult to decipher (Reed, 2008; Iwata, 1991). With such complexity taking place in an educational environment it is difficult

First of all, these tests can immensely stress the kids out over time. The stress of the tests can grow into an anxiety over the course of tests. When the time catches up with them the stress of failing or not being good enough for their parents can overwhelm them when testing causing them to do poorly or causing anxiety. Another

Neely, L., Rispoli, M., Camargo, S., Davis, H., & Boles, M. (2013). The effect of instructional

Test administrators should understand and clarify why the test taker is being assessed,(American Educational Research, 2014). Additionally, they should also understand why certain tests, inventories, and diagnostic procedures are selected. As a student, in the process of achieving a Master 's degree in clinical psychology, it is essential to be aware of the reasons for certain tests, their reliability, and validity.

There is a small decline in performance in the massed practice group compared to the distributed practice group after one day of practice. The average time of completion of the massed practice group was 5.96 seconds greater than the distributed practice group at the first retention test after one day of practice. However, the retention test results showed a much more significant difference after seven days of practice. There was an 11.80 second difference between the massed practice group compared to the distributed practice.

For my extension, I did an experiment on if extroversion and introversion would affect short-term memory in a human being. For the experiment, I gathered four test subjects randomly based on what I assumed their personality to be and made them do a personality test. Then, I recorded their results on my phone by taking pictures, but they did the short-term memory test  the next day. The short-term memory test consisted a total of six questions where after each question, the test subjects had to write down the letters they remembered on a piece of paper. They did four trials in total and I recorded the data on my phone

During the short answer portion, we see that students did better on the immediate test than that of the delayed testing (the test with no prior testing).

Once a researcher has determined what exactly their study will consist of, they must now decide how the information will be analyzed. One of the most important factors to consider when deciding whether to utilize a longitudinal or cross-sectional method to retrieve data is how much time and how variables do you have to measure. The main difference between the two is that longitudinal studies are conducted over a period, and cross-sectional comparisons are made at a sole point in time. When initiating your study, it will be your research question that will dictate which method to use. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies can be looked at as observational studies, in which data is being recorded about participant without controlling the environment of the subjects.

There comes a time when we all come across a specific test such as school tests, driving test, or even as simple as food tasting test. However, there is a difference between regular tests and testing’s when referring to psychological testing. There are several different psychological tests that many psychiatrists, psychologists, and school counselors use to determine certain abilities, however each of the tests are used for a specific purpose. It is vital for the individuals to contain high knowledge of the tests before applying it to others.