Neurotransmitters And Its Effect On The Brain

At the molecular level of explanation these processes are dependent on the interplay between glutamate receptors, Ca2+ channels, the increase of intracellular Ca2+ levels, Ca2+-dependent proteins like Akt, ERK, mTOR and neurotrophins such as brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (24, 25).

Experts believe bipolar disorder is caused by an underlying problem with specific brain circuits and the balance of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters (WebMD). There are five brain chemicals noradrenaline (norepinephrine), serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin, and endorphin. Noradrenaline and serotonin are the most common chemicals linked to psychiatric mood disorders such as depression and bipolar (WebMD). Dopamine is linked to the pleasure system in the brain (WebMD). When a disruption happens to the dopamine system connects to psychosis and schizophrenia (WebMD). If there is too much dopamine in one place, it can cause psychosis. Dopamine motivates us (Deans, 2011). Dopamine is linked to everything, metabolism, evolution, and the brain (Dean, 2011). Serotonin is connected to many different body functions including sleep, wakefulness, eating and impulsivity (WebMD). Researchers believe that abnormal brain functioning of brain circuits that involve serotonin as a chemical messenger contributes to mood disorders (WebMD). Oxytocin is a hormone commonly associated with childbirth and breastfeeding. Oxytocin plays a critical role in social and emotional behavior. Oxytocin increases the susceptibility to feeling fearful and anxious during stressful events (NWU, 2013).

Once a presynaptic neuron is passive, an electrical current is spread along the length of the axon (Schiff, 2012). This is known as action potential (Pinel, 2011). Action potential happens once an abundant amount of depolarisation reaches the limit through the entry of sodium, by means of voltage gated sodium channels

C ) (1) neurotransmitter released (2) diffused across the synaptic cleft to a receptor amino acid (3) binding of the transmitter opens pores in the ion channels and positive ions move in.

As an action potential travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron, the action potential reaches the axon terminal synaptic vesicles which migrate toward the synapse. They then release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters travel through the synaptic cleft and bind to ligand-gated ion channels on the postsynaptic neuron membrane. The channels open and allow chemicals to enter the cell (i.e. sodium). Then positively charged sodium enters the cell and causes the cell to depolarize. The depolarization spreads down the axon and an action potential is generated. The process then starts over at the axon terminals.

The main components of the synapses are as follows: The Axon terminal, found at the end of the Axon, passes neurotransmitters to other neurons via synaptic transmission. Synaptic Vesicles contain neurotransmitters within the Axon. Neurotransmitters themselves are chemical messengers that travel through the neurons and activate receptors on the receiving cell. The neurotransmitters are diffused through the synaptic cleft—a region between the two neurons and gap the neurotransmitter needs to cross to make it to the receiving cell. Said receiving cell is what receives the neurotransmitters and starts the process over again. The receptors on the cell are structures that receive the neurotransmitters and

Most people usually think of the brain or heart being the most important part of our body. While they are indeed important, they would be entirely useless if certain substances called neurotransmitters didn’t exist. Neurotransmitters are substances in our body that carry signals from one nerve cell to another. Without these neurotransmitters in our body, we wouldn’t receive crucial signals such as telling our heart to beat. Six of the most common neurotransmitters in our body are dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that travels across the synapse between a neuron and another neuron, muscle fiber, or gland. Hormone is a chemical messenger of the endocrine system that is released by a gland or organ and travels through the blood. Neurotransmitter and hormone both compare because they both are chemical messenger, both chemicals are released from vessels into the surrounding fluid by similar mechanisms. They both work by binding to receptors on target cells. Neurotransmitter and hormones are very important systems, which regulate the various activities of the body, and are dependent on the release of special chemicals. Furthermore, the tissues in the Central Nervous System produce some hormones, as well as the neurotransmitters. What sets neurotransmitter and hormone apart? Neurotransmitters belong to the nervous system, however hormones belong to the endocrine system. Hormones and neurotransmitters are engendered differently; hormones are engendered by endocrine glands while neurotransmitters are engendered by neurons. The transmission of neurotransmitters is across the synaptic cleft, whereas that of hormones is by blood. Hormones are able to regulate their target organs, whereas neurotransmitters are able to stimulate the postsynaptic membranes. The action of neurotransmitters is extremely fast, which could be up to a few milliseconds. In contrast, effect of hormones could be lost for a long period, which could be in the range of few seconds to a few days.

The end of the axon spread into some shorter fibers that have swellings on the ends called synaptic knobs. The synaptic knob has a number of little saclike structures in it called synaptic vesicles. Inside the synaptic vesicles are chemicals hung in fluid, which are molecules of substances called neurotransmitters which are inside a neuron and are going to transmit a message. Neurotransmitter are released into the synapse from synaptic vesicles. The neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptor sites on the releasing neuron and the second neuron or glands or even muscles causing a reaction.

In a normal and healthy nervous system, many electrical signals are received and sent through neurons. The arrival of those signals at the end of the neuron triggers the release of many chemicals, in specific, neurotransmitters (Brooker, 2011). These chemicals travel into a gap between the presynaptic (end of one neuron) and the beginning of he postsynaptic (next neuron). This gap is named a synapse (Brooker, 2011). Neurotransmitters are then released into the synapse and then bind to the ibid (post -synaptic neuron). When this

Neurotransmitters are chemicals made by neurons and used by them to transmit signals to the other neurons or non-neuronal cells (e.g., skeletal muscle; myocardium, pineal glandular cells) that they innervate. The neurotransmitters produce their effects by being released into synapses when their neuron of origin fires (i.e., becomes depolarized) and then attaching to receptors in the membrane of the post-synaptic cells. This causes changes in the fluxes of particular ions across that membrane, making cells more likely to become depolarized, if the neurotransmitter happens to be excitatory, or less likely if it is inhibitory.

Ecstasy is both a hallucinogenic, causing hallucination, and a stimulant drug. Ecstasy is the name given to methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). It was first synthesized in 1912 by Merck chemist Anton Köllisch. Ecstasy appears to disturb the body 's ability to regulate its temperature and this can lead to serious problems with overheating of the body. Ecstasy can be swallowed as a pill or tablet or snorted like a powder. Users of ecstasy can experience a rush of good feelings, a high, and makes someone 's feelings much more intense, whether they 're good or bad feelings. Ecstasy’s effects usually last up to 6 hours.

Many psychiatric and psychoactive drugs that are available on the market, pharmaceutically or illegally, closely resemble neurotransmitters and are actually able to mimic it to the extent that it fools the receptors. Basically, these drugs hijack the neurotransmitters. Once these drugs are ingested, it enters into the brain, gets into the synapse and binds itself to the receptor. This then causes the inappropriate release of neurotransmitters and alter the breakdown and recycling of neurotransmitters or can be used to destroy particular neurotransmitters completely (Sapolsky, 2005, p. 14).

The chemical communication that occurs in the synapses is made possible with neurotransmitters, which are housed by synaptic vesicles and

As soon as the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, mechanism of chemical alteration initiates. First, calcium ion spurt into the axon terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitters “molecules released neurons which carries information to the adjacent cell”. Next, inside the axon terminal, neurotransmitter molecules are stored inside a membrane sac called vesicle. Finally, the neurotransmitter molecule is then discharged in synapse space to be delivered to post synaptic neuron.