Pancreatic cancer may arise from the exocrine or the endocrine cells of the pancreas and disrupt any of their functions.
Pancreatic cancer can be divided into two general groups. About 99% of pancreatic tumors arise from the exocrine component of pancreas affecting digestive enzymes. The small minority of cancers that arise in the hormone-producing (endocrine) tissue of the pancreas have different clinical characteristics. The two pathological groups affect mainly men and occurs after the age of 40, but some rare sub-types mainly occur in women or children (Harris., 2013).
Exocrine cancers
This type of cancer originates in the ducts secreting enzymes and bicarbonate. This exocrine acinar cells repreasents less than10% of the pancreatic cell
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This type of exocrine tumor lead to over production digestive enzymes, which may cause symptoms such as skin rashes and joint pain (Tobias et al., 2010).
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Ther are many less common pathological types. These types including cystadenocarcinomas, pancreatoblastoma ,adenosquamous carcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, hepatoid carcinomas, colloid carcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, and undifferentiated carcinomas with osteoclast-like giant cells which account for 1% of pancreatic cancers, and they have a better prognosis than the other exocrine types (Tobias et al., 2010).
Pancreatoblastoma is a rare form, mostly occurring in childhood, and with a relatively good prognosis. Solid pseudopapillary tumor is a rare low-grade neoplasm that mainly affects younger women, and generally has a very good prognosis) (The Sol Goldman Pancreas Cancer Research Center, 2012)
Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasms are a broad group of pancreas tumors that have varying malignant potential. They are being detected at a greatly increased rate as CT scans become more powerful and common, and discussion continues as how best to assess and treat them, given that many are
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas is a rare cystic tumor that is endocrine in origin, therefore, typically found in the head and/or body of the pancreas. SPN constitutes about 1% of all pancreatic neoplasms, but advancements in diagnostic imaging have led to an increase in findings. Patients with SPN are usually asymptomatic and those with symptoms report generalized abdominal discomfort. Lab values used to evaluate the pancreas are usually within normal limits. Because these neoplasms are typically asymptomatic they grow undetected and masses in the head will produce symptoms associated with obstruction and pancreatitis.
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms (IPMN) are tumors that grow within the pancreatic duct that produce thick fluid. This tumor can be classified as main duct IPMN or branch duct IPMN. The classification between main duct IPMN and branch duct IPMN are based on imaging studies as well as histology. In imaging studies some cysts at times display involvement within
According to Professor John Neoptolemos, "There are approximately 7,000 new cases each year - but it is one of the most lethal cancers." The main reason for the low survival rate from pancreatic cancer is due to its difficulty in finding this cancer early. By the time a person has symptoms, the cancer has often reached a large size and spread to other organs. Because the pancreas is deep inside the body, the doctor cannot see or feel tumors during a routine physical exam. There are currently no blood tests or other tests that can easily find this cancer early in people without symptoms. Tests for certain genes in people with a family history of the disease can help tell if they are at higher risk for cancer. There are some new tests for finding pancreatic cancer early in people with a strong family history of the disease, but these tests are complicated and expensive. Some symptoms of pancreatic cancer include jaundice, a yellow color of the eyes and skin caused by a substance buildup in the liver, pain in the belly area or in the middle of the back, significant weight loss over a number of months, loss of appetite, digestive problems including nausea, vomiting, pain that tends to be worse after eating, a swollen gallbladder that is enlarged, blood clots that form in the veins or cause problems with fatty tissue under the skin, and diabetes. If the doctor has any reason to suspect pancreatic cancer, certain tests will be done to see if the disease is really
Carcinoid tumors are a subset of neuroendocrine tumors and overall incidence of carcinoids in the United States is estimated at 5.25 cases per 100,000 population. The majority of carcinoid tumors arise within the gastrointestinal tract (58%), with the pulmonary system as the next most common site of origin (27%). The remainder (15%) arises from other or unknown locations1.
The pancreas is a glandular organ that serves as two glands in one: As a hormone-producing endocrine gland that produces different important hormones, including insulin, glucagon and somoatostaina as well as serves as a digestive exocrine gland that secrets pancreatic juice which has enzymes that help break down food after it has left the stomach. pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine cell which is arranged in clusters that is known as Langerhans. Pancreatic cancer is caused by Adenocarcinoma which is cancer of exocrine cell and this happens
Pancreatic zymogens are the inactive form of enzymes that contributes a fundamental role in the digestive process (14). The release of these enzymes are essential in the overall regulation of the acinar cells. The pancreatic acinar cells focuses on the storage and synthesis of complicated digestive enzymes. It also has the ability to regulate secretion before allowing any enzymes to reach the duodenum of the small intestine. The exocrine pancreas involves several crucial components that each carries out important responsibilities. One being the exoneration of granules from within the pancreatic duct system that eventually merges into the small intestines (15). Pancreatic zymogens are usually stimulated after reaching the duodenum. From there another form of enzyme called trypsin activates neighboring active
Pancreatic cancer is a major disease that up to present times has a very high mortality and progression rate which is because it presents very late in its course and most has already metastasized before clinical diagnosis. This makes it difficult to treat.
Inside the pancreas there are exocrine and endocrine glands. The exocrine glands make pancreatic "juice" that
Pancreatic Cancer starts in the tissues of the pancreas.To give a vivid image of the pancreas, it is a six-inch spongy shaped organ. Some people say it is shaped
People with certain risk factors may be more likely than others to develop cancer of the pancreas. Some risk factors that may increase the chance of getting cancer of the pancreas include smoking tobacco, the most important risk factor for pancreatic cancer. People with diabetes, family history with pancreatic cancer increases the risk of developing the disease, inflammation of the pancreas and having pancreatitis for a long time. Overweight or obese people may likely than other people to develop pancreatic cancer. Possible risk factors being studied include, diet high in animal fat and heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages. “Another area of active research is whether certain genes increase the risk of disease. Many people who get pancreatic cancer have none of these risk factors, and many people who have known risk factors don’t develop the disease”.(pg. 7).
Tumors are one of the most feared diseases of our time. Many people upon hearing the word “tumor” immediately resonate to the conclusion of it being cancer, which is not necessarily true. Tumors fall into to two main types, benign and malignant. Although they are considerably different in tissue invasion, their nature that makes them distinct and symptoms, they are also quite similar in the way they recur in the same location, growth size and their health risks.
This year, an estimate of 53,070 adults, have been or will be diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. (27,670 men and 25,400 women). Pancreatic cancer is the ninth most common cancer in women. Pancreatic cancer should have the most attention because doctors still don’t know how to diagnose this type of cancer yet. The main problem is cost-effective screening tests that easily and reliably find early-stages of pancreatic cancer in people, sometimes show no symptoms.Often “times it is” not found until later stages when the cancer can no longer be surgically removed and has spread from the pancreas to other parts of the body. ("Pancreatic Cancer: Statistics", 2017)
About 10% to 20% of cancers that start in the liver are intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. These cancers start in the cells that line the small bile ducts (tubes that carry bile to the gallbladder) within the liver.
La Rosa, S., Sessa, F., & Ohio Library and Information Network. (2015). Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms :practical approach to diagnosis, classification, and therapy. Cham:
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest types of cancer. The cancer is normally not found till it's in the further stages. Pancreatic cancer is when tumors are formed in the pancreas. There are two types of Pancreatic cancer,endocrine and endocrine tumors.Exocrine is the most common type of pancreatic cancer. The main type of Exocrine tumor is Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. About 95% of exocrine tumors are pancreatic adenocarcinoma. This type of cancer usually begins in the ducts of the pancreas. Endocrine tumors and uncommon and make up less than 4% of pancreatic cancer. They both occur in people over 40, and a little more common in men. Pancreatic cancer cause is still unknown, research shows that damage to the DNA can be a cause. It is also