Physiological Adaptation Lab Report

Introduction: In this experiment, cardiovascular fitness is being determined by measuring how long it takes for the test subjects' to return to their resting heart rate. Cardiovascular fitness is the ability to "transport and use oxygen while exercising" (Dale 2015). Cardiovascular fitness utilizes the "heart, lungs, muscles, and blood working together" while exercising (Dale 2015). It is also how well your body can last during moderate to high intensity cardio for long periods of time (Waehner 2016). The hypothesis is that people who exercise for three or more days will return to their resting heart rate much faster than people who only exercise for less than three days.

In order to maintain a healthy body temperature, the heat produced with in the body or absorbed from the environment must be balanced from the heat lost from the body. A normal body temperature is measured at 37 degrees.

1.1 We should always check equipment which we are going to use if it is safe and working properly, we should wear PPE every time we are undertaking any task, ensure that we are trained to do the task, we should keep the working place safe and clean. When we are about to take measurement from an person we need to make sure that the person know exactly what we are going to do and asking permission for the task we are about to do. Recording the task in the chart and keep it confidential to protect personal information during the course of our work.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between tail spine length and hemoglobin levels as well as the relationship between tail spine length and heart rate. The concentration of the hemoglobin in Daphnia is dependent on the oxygen available to them.

1) Make a graph of resting heart rates from Activity 1. Provide a physiological explanation for fluctuations in resting heart rate over time. Discuss a couple of extrinsic factors that influence the autonomic nervous regulation of resting heart rate.

|Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) |A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that regulates skin |

The mammalian diving reflex represents a primary physiological mechanism to maximize underwater excursions in air-breathing animals. Traditionally, the oxygen-conserving reflex consists of three metabolic and cardiovascular adjustments: (1) notable bradycardia; (2) selective peripheral vasoconstriction; and (3) increased blood flow to the viscera (Kawakami et al., 1967). Previous studies have observed such a response in birds and mammals, generalizing the considerable reduction of heart rate, or ‘diving bradycardia,’ as indicative of the response (Butler, 1982). The evolutionary success of these diving animals relies partly on the functional significance of reducing metabolic demands to prologue underwater survival. Although

The dive response is known more popularly as a mammalian dive reflex. It is a survival mechanism built into mammal’s bodies, essentially. Over the years, scientists have been determined to find what triggers mammals to have a decreased heart rate when submerged under water allowing them to stay under the water longer when they do not typically live under water.

An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were

Different globin polypeptides are expressed at similar levels during the embryonic and fetal stages of mammalian development.

This set of particular tests were carried out at Manchester Metropolitan University in the Interdisciplinary Laboratory. Prior to the tests that were going to be carried out the client in question was asked to carry out a Pre-Test Medical questionnaire to assess the risks involved and to see if the client would be able to participate in the tests. The tests that were performed on the client were height, weight, haemoglobin, cholesterol, FEV1 and FVC.

Oxygen is essential for human life, but an excess of oxygen could easily become toxic and have an adverse effects on the mammalian brain due to excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, commonly known as ROS. In previous studies, changes in hippocampal DNA material have been observed in validated animal models of PTSD (Chertkow-Deutsher, Cohen, Klein, & Ben-Shachar, 2010). These changes in the genome may very well be the underlying cause of long-term traumatic memories. Previous studies conducted at Texas A&M University - Commerce used zebrafish as a model for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), however, the results not only proved that zebrafish show symptoms of PTSD, but in fact we observed modification in the neural progenitor cells around the hippocampal area of the zebrafish brain. High concentrations of ROS can be the reason behind the modification of the neural cells. Therefore, the importance of this study is to investigate the molecular pathways of ROS in the zebrafish brain. We hypothesize that using an antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) could reduce the concentrations of trauma induced ROS, which would ultimately prevent the modifications in the neural progenitor cells in zebrafish.

This shows that there are some other affects of the mammalian dive response other than just bradycardia. When looking at a study done by Hochachka and Mottishaw on dive responses of phocids and otariids, there was quite a different take on the dive response shown. These animals show a lot more advanced dive response with an increased number of factors playing a role than what humans have. Although, there are some mechanisms that humans do share with whales, penguins and seals (Seedhouse 2002). These mechanisms include vasoconstriction, preferential shunting/blood shifts/thoracic filling, and bradycardia (Seedhouse 2002). Studying these other factors could have improved the results of this paper. Another variable that would have made this study better would have been one that involved water temperature. Colder water has been reported to show a lot more of a decrease in heart rate. This could have had an affect on the data recorded in this study. Another important factor would have been to focus also on vasoconstriction. Sterba and Lundgren found that there was a much greater affect on blood flow then heart rate change. Schagatay and Andersson also tested different levels of fitness in humans to see if this had any affect on the diving response. This showed that the better shape a person is in results in a slightly increased diving response. Any of these extra tests would have made this paper stronger. The overall results showed a dive

Altitude training is practised by endurance athletes who train for several weeks at high altitude, Over 2,500 metres above sea level, or at intermediate altitudes due to the shortage of suitable altitude training locations. Even at intermediate levels the air still contains approximately 20.9% oxygen, but partial pressure of oxygen is reduced (West J., et al, 1996)

lactate paradox may only be a transient feature of hypoxic adaptation at altitude, disappearing in