BACKDROP
Polaroid is manufacturer of photographic equipment, accessories and related items used in instant photography. The organization was divided into two main divisions – The Consumer Photography Division and the Technical and Industrial Division with each of these divisions contributing around 40% of Polaroid’s revenues of $ 1.3 billion in 1984.
The company produced two main types of films:
1. The peel apart film which required the user to physically pull the film out of the camera and,
2. The integral film, which came out of the camera automatically.
The integral films were manufactured in the R2 building at the Waltham Massachusetts site. The operations at R2 included production of sheet metal springs,
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This precluded the possibility of finding defects which would occur with imprecisely functioning cameras.
GREENLIGHT
The project objective was quality monitoring costs reduction while at the same time improving the quality of the product. The improvements in quality control processes were focused along with reducing the number of samples. The plan consisted of three distinct elements:
1. Statistical process control would be adapted as processes in control and capable of producing within specifications would produce more consistent quality.
2. Production operators would be given the process control tools that the process engineering technicians had been using and in conjunction with sampling would be expected to make disposition decisions themselves.
3. Quality control auditors would concentrate on training operators and operationalizing specifications on their new products.
The statistical process control system involving both acceptance sampling and automated process control was to be implemented. SPC involved testing for productions within a pre-specified range. If the production went beyond the range, the production process had to be shut down maintenance was to be called to perform maintenance and recalibration. As a part of the process, the operators were to take six random measurements of a process characteristic during the course of their shift and then plot the mean measured value.
This
be an effective tool, which is the performance of a procedure in a controlled environment
A process that monitors standards by take measurements and corrective action as needed. It is in control when only variation is natural, if variation is assignable then discover cause eliminate it. Take samples to inspect/ measure- reduce inspection time, reduce opportunity of bad quality. Control charts graph of process data over time-show natural and assignable causes. Control charts for variable data (characteristic that is measured, length,height, etc) are X-chart (average) and R-chart (range)must use x and r to get correct results. central limit theorem follow normal curve. When we know . When we don’t know . Control charts for attributes (categorical-defective, good/bad) P-chart (percent) or C-chart
1. Provide some examples in business or daily life in which a controlled process is erroneously adjusted and an out-of-control process is ignored. What implications do these errors have?
In Europe, Polaroid was organized into 12 subsidiaries, each operating a separate warehouse to serve its national market, and the largest subsidiaries reside in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The International Distribution Service Center (IDSC) shipped products to the major national subsidiaries several times a week and the non-major subsidiaries received shipments once a week.
The Kodak Company was undisputed in the photo industry until Fujifilm, a Japanese company, was established in 1934. Since its inception Fujifilm has become a leader in motion picture photography, audio and videotape and the floppy disc industries. The company also boasts products such as still cameras, camcorders, photofinishing equipment, paper and chemicals, imaging and information products for the office and health care markets.
5. Assuming that operators will continue to take samples of 10 sheets each hour to check if the process is in control, what control limits should Douglas set for the case when extrusion is a Six Sigma process?
Issue: Dynamic Seal, a precision parts manufacturer with a reputation for high quality, does not currently utilize a Statistical Process Control (SPC) system. However, United Airlines (UA), a major customer representing 14% of Dynamic Seal’s business, insists they implement an SPC system or loose United Airlines’ business. In addition Dynamic Seal do not have a sound preventative measure quality control system in place, preferring 100% inspection to cull bad quality, rather than building parts correctly from inception.
* Introduces the construction and use of statistical process control (SPC) charts and an understanding of the relationship between SPC and conformance quality.
Perdue has control of their inputs required for production, such as labor, materials, equipment, or management skills.
The premise of this paper is to identify deficiencies in daily managerial processes by using systematic statistical process controls and make the necessary improvements. The paper will employ various examples and calculations along with supporting data to explain control limits and its importance to the statistical process control. The effects of seasonal factors and its relevance to a process will also be highlighted and how confidence intervals are important in giving insights into data sets that improve the entire statistical process control.
26. A control chart is used to monitor the fraction of defectives generated by a process is the:
They establish controls in the early stages of a system that will ensure quality is controlled
Since the formation of Kodak, the company has remained the world’s leading film provider with virtually no competitors. That is until the arrival of Fuji Photo Film, which now surpasses Kodak in earnings per share and is viewed as the industries number two.
Kodak was considered the Google of its day. It was founded in 1880 and known for its pioneering technology and innovative marketing. “You press the button, we do the rest,” was its slogan in 1888. By 1976 Kodak accounted for 90% of film and 85% of camera sales in America. Until the 1990s it was regularly rated one of the world's five most valuable brands (The Last Kodak Moment, 2012). The business was built based on four principles; mass production at low cost, international distribution, extensive
However, even in Japan Polaroid enjoyed a dominant market share. Thus in the consumer market, Polaroid’s strengths for instant photography was unrivaled.