Reaction Paper On Rutin

The extracts and polyphenols suppressed cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, modulated signaling transduction, inhibited cell invasion, and prevented angiogenesis and metastasis in animal models related to multiple types of cancer such as liver, bladder, prostate, intestine, colon, pancreas, and mammary gland in more than one hundred publications (Yang & Wang, 2010; de Moura et al., 2013). Green tea has been studied expansively for its cancer prevention effects which are believed to be associated with green tea polyphenols known as "catechins (-)-epigallocatchin-3gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and (-)-epigallocatechin (EC)...they each have a level of antioxidants and are strong metal ion chelators, which prevent the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)" (Yang & Wang, 2010, p. 931; Ziech et al., 2012). Further research has revealed that high concentration levels are necessary to accomplish this, and adding other agents such as Atrovastatin, a drug used to lower cholesterol, increase success (Yang & Wang, 2010). EGCG has demonstrated the most success because it "serves an antioxidant, or pro-oxidant, and

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid in many foods, including apples, cranberries, blueberries, and onions. Quercetin may have many beneficial biological properties like, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective. There is also considerable interest in quercetin’s potential

Results from Molinspiration: With the help of ‘Canonical SMILES’ of phytochemicals taken from PubChem, virtual screening was performed. All the phytochemicals which followed the Lipinski’s rule of five were shortlisted, as shown in Table.9

It provides five models based on the amino acid sequence and each model is assigned an individual C-score(confidence scores) calculated based on the significance of threading template alignments and the convergence parameters of the structure assembly simulations[16]. A higher C-score indicates greater confidence and vice-versa. It also provides a TM (template modelling) Score which measures the structural similarity between two structures. A TM-score >0.5 indicates a model of correct topology whereas a TM-score <0.17 indicates a random similarity. It also predicts solvent accessibility and ligand binding sites. Protein sequence was submitted to the webserver and the protein structure was obtained.

Llorens et al. (2002) attempted molecular modeling studies to produce atomic models perfect with the experimental information accessible. Likewise, docking of diverse COX inhibitors, including selective and non-selective ligands: rofecoxib, ketoprofen, suprofen, carprofen, zomepirac, indomethacin, diclofenac and meclofenamic acid were embraced utilizing the AMBER system. Their effects gave new bits of knowledge into a superior understanding of the differential binding mode of different groups of COX inhibitors, contributed to the design of new selective compounds [4].

Rohypnol is the trade or brand name for the drug flunitrazepam. This drug is a central nervous system depressant and hence, decreases the activity in the brain and other parts of the body. There are two main types of medical depressants which are barbiturates and benzodiazepines. Barbiturates are used to induce sleep and are also called “downers” ((Ic.galegroup.com, 2016)) while benzodiazepines are used primarily to produce sedation, sleep, or muscle relaxation in order to reduce seizures, anxiety and also to produce anterograde amnesia, a desired effect for some surgical procedures. (Nora Fitzgerald and Jack Riley. 2000).

Radix Paeoniae Alba (RPA), a well-known Chinese herbal, (‘Bai-Shao’ in Chinese) has been widely used in Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. It is made from the root of P. lactiflora after boiling in water and peeling off the bark (China Pharmacopoeia Committee, 2010). Its constituents have been recognized as valuable traditional herbal medicines used for the treatment of diseases with a long history in TCM (Fang et al., 2009). Empirical evidence suggests that various peony root preparations have broad therapeutic benefits for pain, muscle spasm, inflammation, menstrual dysfunction, and neurodegenerative disorders, stroke (Wu 1985; Wu et al. 2010; Guo et al.2012). These therapeutic benefits are believed to be mainly derived from its major constituents that possess multiple pharmacological properties, in particular neuroprotective effects. To date, more than 15 constituents have been identified from this Chinese herbal material, including the isomers paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF), are the main representative monoterpene glycosides (structures see Fig. 1).

Before I began reading this book, I took a moment to think about the title: The Short Bus a Journey beyond Normal and what this book might entail. The term short bus brought back memories to me as a kid, people who were not smart enough to ride the long bus; or people who attended a special school because they were mentally retarded or mentally challenged. I felt connected to some of the personal stories in the text, especially the stories of Brent and Kent. Furthermore, it reminded me of my personal biases I still have toward kids like Ashley.

Two flavanone derivatives, norartocarpanone (1) and euchrenone a7 (2) had been isolated for the first time from the methanol extract of the wood of Morus nigra.The structure of these compounds were determined base on spectral evidence, including UV, IR, and NMR. The first compound also confirmed by comparison with the reported data. Cytotoxic properties of these compounds were evaluated against murine leukemia P-388 cells. Euchrenone a7 (2) was found more cytotoxic than norartocarpanone (1) with their IC50 7.8 and 12.7 g/mL respectively.

(2)The Big Five Personality exercise from chapter 2 also opened my eyes. My weakest dimension was surgency. According to these results, I am a follower and do not like to compete or influence. I on the other hand would not consider myself to be a follower. Although I do not like to lead, I do what I want to do. My strongest dimension was aggreeableness, which includes traits related to getting along with people.

IThe potential therapeutic properties of T. arjuna have been reported extensively in traditional medicine system and have been evaluated by various in vitro and preclinical studies with the aim of characterising various pharmacological activities (Table 2). Some studies have reported that the saponin glycosides content of T. arjuna might be responsible for the inotropic effects, while the flavonoids provide free antioxidant activity as well as vascular strengthening, conforming the pleiotropic actions of T. arjuna (Figure 3). Although, voluminous data is available from the various preclinical experiments on T. arjuna, but a unifying hypothesis that accounts for its biological activity and targets are still unidentified and under discussion.

A 2 mL of sodium hydroxide solution (2%) was added to crude extract, followed by few drops of diluted acid. Transformation from intense red-orange color to colorless indicated the presence of flavonoids.

All over the world, more than 80, 000 species of plants are used for medicinal use. Herbal drugs are derived either from whole plant or from different organs of the plants (Trivedi 2010). For instance, leaves, roots, stems, flowers, bark, seed, fruits, rhizomes, etc. Medicinal plants consist of whole extracts of the plant parts which contains abundance of active molecules. The total sales of the herbal products in the western countries were estimated to be around 1.6 billion US dollar (Aronson 2009).

Five flavonoid classes, including anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavones, flavonols, and proanthocyanidins, independently have an inverse relationship with CVD mortality(19). Similarly, a 18 years follow-up study indicate that a high dietary intake of anthocyanins, which may reduce the myocardial infarction(MI) risk in young female after multivariate adjustment(20). Blueberries combined with strawberries were found to decrease the risk of MI comparing with those rarely intake of these two fruits(20). Moreover, plenty of clinical studies investigating the effects of Vaccinium berries, used as a source of anthocyanins, focus on the changing of lipid profiles, vascular function, blood pressure, and nitric oxide after Vaccinium berries intervention.

Herbal medicine has always been a part of the different cultures of the world. According to Woodham et al. (2000), herbs has played a very important part in the field of medicine for thousands of years. Looking back to the development of Herbalism in ancient Egypt, the comprehensive knowledge of the Greeks in herbal medicine, to the traditional way of Herbal Medicine in China, herbs have been a part of many therapeutic treatments found in many different parts of the world at different times of our history. Thousands of these different herbs including guava leaves, up to this time are still used in both conventional and natural medicine. Commercially, we can find these herbs in beverages like teas, different vitamins and supplements, ointments and creams and even in beauty products like shampoo and soaps. According to Morton (1987), guava leaves as part of the Far Eastern traditional herbal medicine continues to provide beneficial effects in maintaining and regaining physical health. It is amazing how guava leaves can be so useful in many ways. What components does the guava leaves have that it can be used for therapeutic treatment? By looking at the different use of guava leaves, this