The Antibacterial Effect of Papaya Leaves Extract on Staphylococcus Episdermidis

The aim of this investigation was to find out which antiseptics were most effective at preventing the growth of bacteria.

The purpose of this experiment was to isolate and identify an unknown Staphylococcus species based on its morphological and biochemical profile (Alachi, 2006). The Staphylococcus genus consists of Gram-Positive bacteria, arranged in grape-like clusters. These species are common residents of the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals. Majority of Staphylococci are catalase-positive, oxidase negative, aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, and non-motile. They are considered opportunistic pathogens and cause roughly 80% of suppurative skin diseases (e.g., boils). Many Staphylococci

1 and 3). This antibiotic is effective against both gram positive and negative bacteria, so it would be effective against Staphylococcus epidermidis. This antibiotic is able to kill bacteria by interfering with the cell wall synthesis, weakening it, and causing its death. However, just like with Penicillin, some bacteria have become resistant to this antibiotic (6). The hypothesis stated that Staphylococcus epidermidis would be susceptible to Ampicillin because although some bacteria have become resistant this one has not (7). According to the class data, two of the tests resulted in in susceptibility, one resulted in an intermediate effect, and the rest were resistant (see Figs. 2 and 5). It seems that Staphylococcus epidermidis is in the process of becoming resistant to Ampicillin because of the varied data. However, the group data did not support the hypothesis that the bacteria would still be

This experiment was conducted to first, determine if Staphylococcus is present in the nose cavity. Staphylococcus is very common in in the nasal cavities and therefor its highly likely that some type of Staphylococcus will be detected. In order to detect the presence of Staphylococcus a nose swab will be taken and incubated at 37.0˚C for 48hrs in a (m-G+C) broth. This broth has a 10% salt concentration and as Staphylococcus is a halophile and requires salt to flourish, the salt concentration in this broth will help to enable an ideal environment for the Staphylococcus. After the 48hrs a Mannitol Salt agar plate will be inoculated by the swab and then incubated for at the same temperature and length of time as before. The MSA plate, which contains sugars and salts will

According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a minimum of 2 million people become infected with antibiotic resistant bacteria and an estimated minimum of 23, 000 people die each year as a direct result of those infections . As an increasing number of infectious diseases are becoming resistant to numerous allopathic medicines , for example meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureusis or MRSA, more research is being conducted into alternative treatments derived from naturally occurring substances. Having heard about the

Papain. Papain, Carica papaya (Cat: 5125, EMD Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA) had listed activity of 31850 U/mg and stock solution was prepared by adding 0.31 gram in 10 ml Tris (0.05 M, pH 7.4) i.e. concentration of 1000 KU/ml.

The purpose of this experiment was to test the effectiveness of different antibiotics. The antimicrobial activity of selected antibiotics and hand sanitizer on different bacteria was evaluated. The method used to determine antibiotic sensitivity was the sensitivity disk method. Antibiotics were put onto paper disks and then placed on agar plates that had been spread with bacterial culture. The plate was incubated for a week, and then the zone of inhibition (area of no bacterial growth) around the disk was measured.

Streptococcus pyogenes is Gram-positive nonmotile bacterium found in the “Group A Streptococci (GAS)” class of streptococcus bacteria. S. pyogenes is a facultative anaerobe and is classified as a beta-hemolytic streptococcus. The structure of this bacterium includes its hyaluronic acid capsule, cocci shape, and its formation in chains. According to microbiologist Kenneth Todor, Streptococcus pyogenes is found in 5-15% individuals as an indigenous flora, located in the respiratory tract. If Streptococcus pyogenes is not part of an individual's flora it can easily be acquired when someone with the infection coughs or sneezes in the air, or if an individual shares drinks and food with the infected person. This bacterium causes many infections

It can be treated topically or systemically. Other treatment options include the use of natural drugs (6). Antibiotics are frequently used to treat acne patients. Long course regimens of antibiotics can be prescribed to treat acne, which can reach 6-9 months. Most antibiotics prescribed for acne treatment are: clindamycin, macrolides (e.g. erythromycin) and tetracyclines (5). However, increasing resistance have made acne treatment challenging. The incidence of P. acnes antibiotic resistance increased from 20% in 1978 to 72.5% in 1995 (8). Widespread resistance has become a major dermatological issue (9) common prescribing antibiotics in dermatology clinics can be the major cause of the antibiotic resistance due to significant selection pressure on bacteria (10). Some studies has showed a relationship between antibiotic use and the development of resistance to P. acnes in patients treated in general practice. In addition to that , it has showed cross resistance between macrolides/lincosamides and tetracyclines. Other study has suggested that the rate of resistance increases as the duration of antibiotic consumption increases (12). So, our study aims to o identify the cause of the decreased susceptibility of propinobacterium acne to the commonly prescribed antibiotics and to evaluate the current use of antibiotics in treating

The statistical analysis of the MIC and MBC of each antimicrobial agent against two group of bacteria (MRSA+VSSA and MRSA+VRSA) were represented in terms of minimum, maximum, median, and P value as represented in table 2 and 3 and diagram 1- 4. Table 2 and 3 describe also the Mann-Whitney test (none parametric test) between each antimicrobial agent in alone form and in mixture form.

Current biological research investigations show that both lemon and lime juices have an affect on slowing down and potentially stopping the growth of Escherichia Bacteria by creating an inhibition zone. This can be seen in an experimental report done by Dr. Zahra Muhsin Ali “Antagonism activity of citrus fruit juices on some pathogenic bacteria.” The experiment was conducted in the Biological Department of Science at Kufa University to determine the antagonism activity of both Lemon and Lime juices against various bacterium, one of them being E. Coli. The results of the experiment revealed that each juice concentration had inhibiting effects against bacteria due to the presence of citric acid and some volatile oils. The results also showed a reduction in the value of pH. The investigation was further proved successful due to both juices from lemon and lime were found to have inhibited the E. Coli bacterium parameter with an inhibition zone ranging from 8-29mm which can be seen in figure 4. The antagonism effects of the lemon and lime juice was compared with the antagonism effects of some antibiotics, the results being that the isolated E. Coli was resistant to the majority of antibiotics. Proving that overall the experiment conducted was successful

Staphylococcus is a bacterium derived from the Greek word staphylé which means a bunch of grapes and coccus which means grain or berry (Murray, Rosenthal, and Pfaller 222). This means that the gram-positive cocci grow in a shape similar to a cluster of grapes. These organisms can be described as immotile, facultative anaerobe (an organism that can be aerobic, but is also capable of being anaerobic), are able to grow in media that have a high concentrations of salt, and can grow at temperatures ranging from 18ºC to 40ºC. Staphylococcus has at least 35 species and the three main medical importance ones are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (Brooks, Carroll, Butel, and Morse 224). As mentioned,

Acne is a widespread disease affecting most of the population at some point in their lives. Although there are numerous drug alternatives for the treatment of acne; antibiotic resistance and topical or systemic toxicities are the frequent obstacles limiting therapeutical options. This clinical trial aims to determine the efficacy and tolerability of a new topical antiacne formulation containing a herbal extract composed of two Brassica oleracea variants which are reported as having strong antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and were not studied clinically before. Herbal extract was prepared by boiling the plant parts and then cooling, filtering and concentrating the preparation. The extract was incorporated into an antiacne

Skin prick tests were performed on the forearms using standard commercial extracts of melon and mango (Steallergen, Antony, France). Prior-sensitization to fresh extracts of melon, mango, raw eggplant and Shiraz grape was also evaluated by PPTs in which the culprits were pricked with a sterile lancet and then pricked into the skin with the same lancet. Histamine (10 mg/mL) and saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The results of the skin tests were examined after 15 min and considered positive when the wheal was 3 mm greater in diameter, than the negative control. Topical corticosteroids were stopped one day before the skin test.

Bacteria constitute a large domain of the prokaryotic microorganisms. They come in different sizes and shapes and occupy varying niches in our biosphere. Some bacteria are very beneficial while others are pathogenic in nature. Pathogenic bacteria can pose danger to the human species as they are disease causing, and it is therefore imperative that people take caution to prevent contact with such bacteria and therefore avoid some diseases. One of the very basic ways of avoiding bacterial infections is a habit of hand-washing. Hand-washing has been used from time immemorial for hygienic, religious and cultural practices. Hand-washing is highly encouraged in hospitals and in industries that deal with food production and delivery. Washing hands with water alone is not an effective way to get rid of harmful bacteria on the surface of the skin. The use of soaps and detergents which have special chemical properties make it possible for humans to get rid of the bacteria. The extent to which the use of hand-washing detergents eliminates bacteria is the main objective of this