The Effect Of Cryogenic Cooling ( Liquid Nitrogen ) On Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Friction

Tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding is the process of blending together reactive metals such as magnesium and aluminum. The TIG welding method became popular and useful in the early 1940s and, as a result, has greatly propelled the use of aluminum for welding and structural processes. TIG welding is commonly used for both high quality and manual welding.

Scandium-reinforced aluminum alloys suggestion design engineers several significant advantages over other high strength aluminum alloys, containing Inhibition of recrystallization. Remarkably, scandium increases the recrystallization temperature of aluminum alloys to above 600°C, well above the temperature range of heat treatable aluminum alloys. It has been perceived that the addition of scandium with zirconium is more effective than the addition of scandium alone.

The use of thinner gauge Ti and Ni alloys is pushing the aircraft engine industry to ensure high quality welds can be made with lower levels of heat input. Every part we produce goes through our nondestructive laboratory to test the welds under x-ray or die penetrant.

Introduction The purpose of this lab was to examine nitinol’s, a nickel-Titanium shape memory alloy, solid phase transformations and behaviors, a shape memory alloy can be defined as a specific group of metal alloys that can recover from a seemingly permanent strain by applying a certain amount of heat to the substance. This occurs through a slight rearrangement of the atoms within the solid. The structure of the austenite phase of nitinol is very rigid and perfectly aligned, whereas the martensite phase is soft and can be deformed easily. Additionally this lab also explored identifying a set of unknown wires by comparing calculated densities to known densities for each of the wires, estimating the temperature when the transformation from the martensitic phase of nitinol to the austenitic phase of nitinol occurs, “retraining” the nitinol wire to a new austenitic shape, and examining the acoustic properties for nitinol in both the martensitic phase and austenitic phase through an online investigation.

In the process analysis of resistance spot welding on galvanized steel used in vehicle body manufacturing, the quality of spot weld is checked from the tensile strength and shear strength properties of the spot weld. The four important parameters in this analysis are:

Zinc is currently the fourth most widely consumed metal in the world after iron, aluminum, and copper. In nature, zinc ores could be divided into sulphide minerals and oxide minerals. Zinc is extracted mostly from zinc sulfide ores. With depletion of global resources of zinc sulfides as well as the restriction on sulfur emissions during their processing, there is an increasing focus on the processing of the huge reserves of zinc oxide ores (Li et al., 2010).

Another reasons aluminum is different from steels when welding is that, aluminum also does not change its color as temperature approaches the melting point. The oxide that forms so rapidly on its surface has a melting point around 3,200 °F, likewise aluminum boils at a lower temperature at 2,880°F [3]. The oxide is also tends to be heavier than aluminum, and when melted, it tends to be trapped in the molten aluminum. Therefore, it is very important

Abstract “Age or Precipitation Hardening” effects on the 2024 Aluminum sample (Al-4%Cu) was investigated by conducting two sets of experiments on 5 samples. In the first experiment, 4 of the samples were artificially aged, and in the second experiment, only one of the 5 samples were naturally aged. In conclusion, it is concluded that the hardness of the samples is directly affected by the time and the temperature of the age hardening, so as the samples are age hardened longer and in a higher temperature, the hardness of them increases accordingly. Description of theory Age or Precipitation hardening is a widely used heat treatment method that is done to raise the strength (including

Recently, Aluminum becomes trendy in automotive field due to its superior properties (i.e. lightweight and recyclable). [1]One of supporting examples is the large amount use of Aluminum alloys in the manufacturing of the Ford F-150 pickup trucks. As the latest version of the most profitable series (F-series) of Ford, it undergoes a new revolution, which is replacing steel with Aluminum for body panel and the

Aluminium- Aluminium has a lower density and lower strength compared with steel alloys. They, however, possess a better strength-to-weight ratio, giving them notable weight advantages over steel.

The result of this work leads to a non-destructive, simplified way of anisotrophy recognition, without more expensive, destructing, testing by cutting out a large number of testing samples.Cold forming is a cold metal working process by which metal is shaped at room temperature. More specifically, the metal material is squeezed into a die, or pushed through the die hole and the finished part assumes the shape of the die. Cold formed products offer many significant advantages over hot formed products and even more so over cast or machined metal products. Advantages of cold formed products are: significant material saving, no heating is required, superior dimensional accuracy, high production rate, exceptional forming die life, minimized contamination, and the first of all - better mechanical

Due to heating and cooling of base material at weld joint the base material properties will be get affected. Normally properties get differ from the original property of base material and this zone is known as heat affected zone, due to this the properties of welded component are not uniform.

The need for reduction in weight of heavy vehicles is increasing day after day. Reduction of weight results in reduced fuel consumption which results in a decrease in the emission of greenhouse gas. For reducing the weight, higher strength to weight ratio steels would be required. Not only is a high strength, but the steel also requires to be adequately formable and greater energy absorption capacity. Good formability is essential for designing vehicle components with complex shapes. Dual phase (DP) steels are quite promising material for these purposes. DP steels can already achieve strength in the range of 500-1200 MPa with a total elongation of 15-25 %. Dual phase steels contain more than 1% alloying element among which major alloying elements are C, Si, Mn, and there are some other alloying elements also.

Cold rolled steel sheets remained the most widely used car body material. However, to meet the future energy efficiency requirement of automobiles, automobile industries will have to look for optimum way in designing and usage of steel sheets. The standard TS-4011 summarizes the additional requirement for cold rolled sheets for critical auto body components and outer panels. In general, steel alloy must have high formability and high strength. In addition, car body material must have good joining characteristics. It is a common observation

Reducing the fuel consumption and as a result reducing the amount of emissions which is achieved by car weight reduction and besides passenger safety and crashworthiness improvement via mechanical energy absorption are the main goals of car manufactures. Application of advanced high-strength dual phase (DP) steels is being considered as one of the efficient ways to obtain the above mentioned goals [1-3]. (DP) steels have attracted considerable attention in the automotive industry due to favorable combination formability, work hardening, ductility and high strength to weight ratio [4]. The mentioned features is resulted from the unit microstructure of the DP steels. DP steels despite their name consist of three or more phases including ferrite, martensite, banite, retained austenite and pearlite. The Matrix in DP steels is soft ferrite and the strengthening phase is martensite. In some cases banite and retained austenite also contribute to strengthening. Ferrite enables low initial yielding stress and martensite enables the high ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The above characteristics make the DP steels ideal alloy systems for automotive sheet-forming operations [5].