The Effects of Feedback on Learning
Choo Jun Jie
13107898
James Cook University Singapore
PY1102 – Exploring Psychology 2
Dr Aoife McLoughlin
Bachelor of Psychology
13 April 2015 Introduction
Feedback is an important construct found within many theories of learning and in instruction, where information is provided to learners after each trials or group of trials, in response to their movement patterns and facilitates their learning process (Schmidt & Lee, 2011). A learning activity accompanied by feedback can maintain or adapt cognitive operations according to how new information about performance matches the learner 's expectations about performance (Bangert-Drowns, Kulik, Kulik, & Morgan, 1991). The person on the receiving end of a feedback session is able to gain knowledge of the quality and the results of their performance through the person giving the feedback (Salmoni, Schmidt & Walter, 1984; Schmidt & Wrisberg, 2004). Research has shown that the type of feedback provided has influences in the process of learning, which are no feedback, partial feedback and full feedback respectively (Grant, McAvoy & Keenan, 1982). Research about the presence of no feedback in experimental settings has shown that the lack of information allows assumptions to be made during the process of learning, which tends to lead to higher risk of error (Levine, Leitenberg & Richter, 1964; Rimm, Roesch, Perry, & Peebles, 1971). In a study conducted by Hanna (1976) which explores
Receiving feedback gives us an opportunity to change and modify our behaviour, in order to become more effective at skills.
Teaching theories are as much part of the classroom as the student and the teacher. The effect individual theories have on an environment depends how they are incorporated within the classroom in addition to the influence they have had on the curriculum construction. This essay will briefly look at how motivation theory, cognitive and social cognitive theory along with constructivism have impacted on education and the classroom.
If the feedback is questionable then it becomes useless because it is not trusted. Positive and negative feedback will be more readily accepted if it is kept even, if it is more of one then it may not be received well by the learner for reasons that become obvious within the learner’s behavior or work.
It is always my aim to ensure that feedback is timely and given in a constructive and sensitive manner; and my approach can sometimes be influenced by what I have learned during initial assessment; and as I develop relationships with the learner. I have recently made efforts to encourage my learners to reflect and to self-assess their performance. I feel that this helps to pave the way for me to feedback to the individual and to reduce the risk of de-motivating them.
This can show vocabulary words that they have learned, concepts they have mastered, or subjects that they have studied. The teacher can refer back to these lists regularly to reinforce new concepts and build on old ideas. Specific feedback can be integrated into classroom discussions or on student papers, explaining problems or elaborating further on an idea that the student has learned. Immediate feedback can be critical because it can alter the course of the student’s thinking before they become more confused. The teacher who is observant can correct misinformation or misconceptions quickly to avoid further problems in the student’s learning process. This can be a result of classroom discussions, question and answer sessions, and call and response methods. All forms of feedback have benefits and when used together can create a cohesive picture of the student’s abilities and success. Instructional feedback for students can have several benefits ranging from motivating the student to achieve more to helping them develop more refined metacognition and also possibly giving the student a sense of control over their own educational success (Malley, 1994).
The function of assessment in learning and development is to provide a measure for the learners progress.
Askew, S. and Lodge, C. (2000) Gifts, ping-pong and loops - linking feedback and learning. In: Askew, S. (ed.) Feedback for Learning. London: RoutledgeFalmer, pp.1-18
Assessment is all about making judgements. A major argument for involving students in self and peer-assessment is that it helps them to develop the ability to make judgements, in particular about themselves and their work. This is an important life skill as well as an academic one.
Most students these days just think they have to go to class, pay attention, write some notes and they will do fine. That may be true for some people but if they were to use a more active learning approach instead of passive, they could do even better. Active learning is a learning approach that gets the student more involved which helps lead to a better understanding and idea of the material being learned (VickyRN, 2009). Passive learning is the common classroom learning approach where you listen to a teacher and read information (VickyRN, 2009). If students were more aware of the benefits of active learning and the difference between active and passive learning, they could achieve higher academic results and may even enjoy it more. Many
Retention In The Second Grade Struggling through school has been something I have gone through with my daughter for going on three years. Madison is in the second grade now. I have sat with her daily helping her homework, while she cries. I contacted the school and the doctors to have her tested for a learning disability.
There are many theories that are relevant to classroom teaching today. Marsh (2008, p. 17) states that “each theory is nothing more than a set of reasonable suggestions”. A teacher should look at the information available to them and take what is necessary to achieve a positive learning environment in their classroom. This may mean taking a little part of one theory and combining in with another part of a different theory, there is no singular theory or theorist that encompasses everything that is required in a modern classroom. Some of the most important theories of learning are motivation, constructivism and behaviourism. Teachers choose their teaching style and strategy to complement their students, to arrive at their own personal
All this is in line with the LLUK Standard Domain E "The role of feedback in effective evaluation and improvement of own assessment skills."
Fear of Feedback by Jay M. Jackman and Myra H. Strober Reprint r0304h April 2003 HBR Case Study Keeping to the Fairway r0304a Thomas J. Waite First Person Leading for Value r0304b Brian Pitman Luxury for the Masses r0304c Michael J. Silverstein and Neil Fiske Tipping Point Leadership
Accurate external feedback is essential to facilitate improvement in performance (Sargeant at al 2010). To achieve the best results not only feedback needs to be provided in a right way but also a person accepting the feedback needs to be receptive to it. Although I always maintained professional while receiving feedback and often actively sought feedback myself, I found challenging at a times to handle negative feedback.
The ability of a student to learn effectively and comprehend what they have learned depends on the interaction of multiple factors. These factors include the level of connectedness between the student and their teacher, the role of a parent in motivating the student to learn as well as the student’s own effort. For a sixth grader, who shows fluctuating classroom performance with better test performances but poor on homework, a partnership between the student, teacher and parents can be forged to improve the student’s performance. This would be done through data collection on their progress by observation, documenting, measuring and monitoring the data for implementation.