Animals do have the ability to make decisions due to the use of neurotransmitters like dopamine and the development of prefrontal cortex.
This paper will discuss the different experiments that were conducted to determine whether or not animals are capable of making simple decisions or more complex decisions. I will go through articles that talk about the choices that animals make when faced with different controlled and not controlled conditions. I will conclude my paper by restating the thesis and whether it was supported by the evidence in the articles I chose as well as state the limitations that were found in the articles. I will also talk about some future research that is needed in the field of animal research and decision making.
Animals have been compared to humans for many years. Some theories say that we were created as animals first and then evolved into what we are today. With our brains being very similar to those of animals such as chimpanzees and bottlenose dolphins, it’s hard to not support the evidence that has been presented about animals and how they are able to do things like make logical decisions just like us.
Bardgett and colleagues (2009) conducted a study to determine the individual contribution of different dopamine receptors to effort-based decision making in rats. Just like humans, different chemicals in the brain can influence decision making. In this case, they looked at rats (Rattus norvegicus). There were 9 adult rats who were grouped in 3
Is Animal testing necessary? Yes or No? Animal testing in the space race was necessary because they needed to know if humans would be able to survive in space. A dog did go to space to orbit earth but, the dog did indeed die. They did find out what went wrong. In my opinion animal testing was sometimes necessary.
Everyone has benefited from the use of animal research in one way or another. My sister was diagnosed with asthma when born and without the help of animal research asthma would still be incurable. Experiencing this history with my sister I went into this research with a large bias for animal research. I found that research on animals is not a new discussion, “[h]umans have been using other vertebrate animal species…as models of their anatomy and physiology since the dawn of medicine.” (Franco 239) The ancient Greeks used animals for experiments with no question of morality ever being raised because of their “ranking in the scala naturae (the chain of being).” (Franco) Every major era came with a new dispute over how to handle animal
In the article Defending Animal Research, it starts off explaining how scientist who use animals for their research are becoming targets of many people who are against animal testing. There has been many incidents where people have placed car bombs on the scientists vehicles and sent these men and women blades in the male.
Starting in the 17th century, enlightenment philosophers contemplated animal consciousness and its subsequent implications on animal rights. Descartes viewed animals as a modern-day machine: organic beings that only act instinctually. Thus, Descartes critically distinguished humans and animals based on their respective capacity for reason: since animals supposedly lack the ability to learn, they forego fundamental human rights. However, animal mind philosophy gradually shifted towards the end of the 19th century as Charles Darwin recorded notes of various species around the world. For example, Darwin observed an earthworm consuming leaves in an intelligent, non-instinctual way that, to him,
The tension between animal rights and medical/cosmetic research is an extreme issue in today’s society. Every day millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked inside cold, barren cages in laboratories across the country. They languish in pain, ache with loneliness, and long to roam free and use their minds, but all they can do is sit and wait in fear of the next terrifying, painful procedure that will be performed on them next. Animal Research is a very well known act and has been around for some time. Most of the advancements in the 20th century are because of animals. Many of the products we use each day from medicines to household products are tested generally on animals. Many people around the world think animal research is the right thing to do because of the benefits humans may receive from it. Humans often benefit from successful animal research, although, the pain, the suffering, and the deaths of animals are not worth the possible human benefits. Animals and people are alike in many ways; they feel, think, behave, and experience pain. Animal testing is by far the most heartless act anyone could preform; it is inhumane; there are other alternatives and results are not necessarily reliable.
Animals have been treated immorally since the beginning of time, this is shown by hunting, farming, trapping, testing of products and biomedical research etc. As humans, majority of us claim animals as our resources as we use them for eating, making clothing, (leather and fur jackets, shoes) working animals, as a means of transport, animal testing etc. In this essay I will discuss the use of animals in biomedical research and state why some believe it is morally justified. I will then present an objection to argue why biomedical research is morally unjustified and why I believe this. I will write this essay using resources from Tom Regan 's, “The case for animal rights”, David DeGrazia’s, “The ethics of animal research: what are the prospects for agreement?’, Baruch A. Brody’s, “Defending animal research: An international perspective” and Peter Singer’s, “Animal Liberation at 30”. I will then come to my own conclusion based on the different perspectives from the above philosophers and by using my own knowledge on the issue.
Animals used in laboratories dates as far back as the 17th century (Unknown, 2015)6. When I first read this statistic, it was surprising because the amount of time testing has been around really makes one think about the advancements made because of that. Due to the amount of time animal testing has been around, two general groups have formed in response to this. The people advocating for it are commonly part of the science community or anyone that supports what science hopes to accomplish and then there is the community of people who would not want animals to have to endure the pain from being tested throughout their entire lives. In this paper I will be presenting two perspectives on the topic regarding the use of animals in laboratories. The first perspective will show how animal testing is extremely beneficial to the world of scientific research as well as to the world in general. While the second perspective will show how the animal rights activists believe that the animals being tested on should not be forced to go through painful testing procedures.
Outcome devaluation experimental paradigm is now widely used and a core model to understand the instrumental behaviour in animal and humans. So, behavioural scientists using outcome devaluation model to differentiate the manipulations of the environmental learning effects on animals or human action behaviour and exploration whether it is habitual behaviour or goal-directed behaviour. As they use training schedule, choice, and Pavlovian influences to produce insensitivity or sensitivity to outcome devaluation, and they can explore which areas in the brain are important in the process and involvement in habitual behaviour or goal behaviour. The devaluation outcome model is a good model in determining the cognitive architecture by testing the effect of an outcome in action selection
As the human race evolved, intellectual peoples began to realize the necessity of medical advancements for the survival of the species. Scientific idealists would observe the human body to find cures to illnesses, but due to human morality their ability to further the research often became limited. It was essential for scientists to better understand medical related issues, so they started to perform their hypothesized experiments on specific animals. The data recovered led to a discovery that certain species’ genetic, biological and behavioral characteristics closely resemble those of the human race, allowing us to replicate many symptoms of human conditions. Although animal experimentation may seem morally wrong, as one of the
Why should animals be used for medical research? Is it because some animals are similar to humans probably. Even though animals have rights they should still be used for experiments because if scientist experiment on humans and something go wrong they could kill that human being. That is why animals should be used for medical research because they have different blood type and cells from us. Something that can easily kill us might not kill an animal, so with that they can find a way to cure the disease. In this paper I will represent alternative positions on the topic of testing, teaching and experimenting on different types of animals. I feel when testing things on different animals you get different results. When testing different animals you would get different results because some animals are provided with the help of the law to be giving pain relief. Some species are categorized based on the law. Animals that were funded by the law were the ones to get tested on.
Testing and analyzing has played an important part of science and history; scientific researchers are able to study and research new diseases that arise on animals or humans—by getting precise research on medications or new experiments using live animals. Animal testing is any specific experiment testing used for scientific research, causing animals forcefully to undergo for a particular result, “An estimated 100 million animals are exploited in biomedical, aeronautic, automotive, military, agriculture, and cognitive research”( Animal Legal Defense Fund ), many of these animals are exposed to excessive pain and cruelty—forcefully injecting harmful toxins, surgically removing organs, or exposing to radiation. In 2010 roughly 25 million rats
Animal testing, also known as in vivo testing and animal experiments, is using the animals for research purposes (soundearth.com, 2010). It is far predicted that each year greater than 115 million animals worldwide are exploited in laboratory experiments (HIS.org). The vertebrate animals are used such as mice, rats, birds, rabbits, guinea pigs, fish, farm animals, cats, dogs and non-human primates (soundearth.com, 2015). Half of these animals were genetically modified breeds while the other half were unmodified animals, of which 58% were carried out for fundamental research, 26% for medical purposes and 8% for veterinary purposes (theguardian,2015). Animal research has played an significant role in the major medical advance for both human and
Animal testing has long played a part in the science of testing, and it still plays a very important role in the medical world. Testing on animals in order to create a cure for AIDS is one thing, but testing on animals for human vanity is another. Animal testing is used to test the safety of a product. It has kept some very unsafe substances out of the cosmetic world. However, in this day in age, animal testing is not the only way to test the safety of a product. Animal testing in cosmetics has decreased over the years. However, it is still used by many companies in America. Animal testing is not only cruel, but it is also unnecessary in today’s advanced scientific world.
Animal experimenting is widely carried out to test the safety of products, try new cosmetics and the development of new medicines.
Every year in high-school, the discussion about animal experimentation would be brought up either in a Science or English class. The discussions would last about three quarters of a period, and they would go nowhere because nobody could agree whether it was a good or bad thing to do. I would always be in the middle of the debate because, I believed that it was a good thing. I am for animal experimentation because it has revolutionized the medical field, regulates the overpopulation of certain animal species in the environment, and follows a certain set of laws set by the Animal Welfare Act.