Platensimycin: Positive Aspects Of Streptocci

Antibiotics are inarguably one of the greatest advances in medical science of the past century. Although the first natural antibiotic Penicillin was not discovered until 1928 by Scottish biologist Alexander Flemming, evidence exists that certain plant and mold growths were used to treat infections in ancient Egypt, ancient India, and classical Greece (Forrest, 1982). In our modern world with the advent of synthetic chemistry synthetic antibiotics like Erithromycin and its derivative Azithromycin have been developed. Antibiotics have many uses including the treatment of bacterial and protozoan infection, in surgical operations and prophylactically to prevent the development of an infection. Through these applications, antibiotics have saved countless lives across the world and radically altered the field of medicine. Though a wonderful and potentially lifesaving tool, antibiotic use is not without its disadvantages. Mankind has perhaps been too lax in regulation and too liberal in application of antibiotics and growing antibiotic resistance is the price we must now pay. A recent study showed that perhaps 70% of bacterial infections acquired during hospital visits in the United States are resistant to at least one class of antibiotic (Leeb, 2004). Bacteria are not helpless and their genetic capabilities have allowed them to take advantage of society’s overuse of antibiotics, allowing them to develop

Abstract-The gram-negative bacteria Serratia marcescens has gained attention in recent years for its tendency to cause nosocomial infections in humans, as well as its development of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance in a bacterium that is harmful to humans can be concerning as it can result in infections that are difficult to treat. In order to find out more about the growing antibiotic resistance of S. marcescens, this experiment used the disc diffusion method to test the susceptibility of S. marcescens to two varieties of antibiotics that were known to have success against some gram-negative bacterium: streptomycin and ampicillin. These antibiotics were, respectively, an aminoglycoside and a beta-lactam. The experiment tested which of the two that S. marcescens had developed more of a resistance to. The zones of inhibition of the discs were significantly larger for discs treated with streptomycin compared to discs treated with ampicillin. This led to the conclusion that S. marcescens is less resistant to streptomycin than to ampicillin.

Humans did not initially create antibiotics; they have been part of the welfare of organisms since the early beginnings. Most of today’s antibiotics come from Streptomyces, which

All anti-infection agents utilized as a part of human treatment since the beginning of the anti-infection agents time in the mid 1900s can be partitioned into three unmistakable classifications as indicated by how they were eventually produced on substantial scale. These arrangements take after. Natural products: mixes made specifically by huge scale aging of microscopic organisms or parasites. Semi-synthetic antibacterial: compounds manufactured by chemical synthesis using as starting material a natural product. Fully synthetic antibacterial: exacerbates that are fabricated by completely manufactured courses (Wright, Seiple, and Myers, 2014).

In this lab experiment, two species of bacteria were cultured on tryptic soy agar (TSA) with the addition of four different antibiotics to demonstrate the effectiveness of each anti biotic. The two species grown were E. coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, both very different in relation to size, shape, and gram state. The four antibiotic drugs tested on the TSA plate were Penicillin, Streptomycin, Kanamycin, and Erythromycin, each with a different function and effectiveness. The following information provided will review the two bacteria’s pathogenicity and the four antibiotics mechanism of action and application.

Although it is true that the discovery of penicillin was attributed to Alexander Fleming, the response of the rest of the scientific community was crucial in order to achieve the large-scale production of penicillin. After the incalculable loss of life during World War II, the scientific community was urged to unite and work together for the development of the large-scale production of penicillin. Faced with the challenge of producing a sufficient amount of penicillin in order to start shipping it as an antibiotic, scientists from all over the world started working on feasible fermentation methods to make their set goal a reality. The first attempt started with Norman Heatley, an Oxford biochemist.

Resistance among bacteria to current antibiotics may cause a new pre-antibiotic era, where common bacterial infections become as lethal as before the invention of the first antibiotic penicillin. With resistance on the rise, ‘simple’ surgery, cancer treatment and organ transplantation may become impossible.[4] Despite this very big and real threat[1], big pharmaceutical companies have abandoned or decreased their efforts to develop new antibiotics, while the demand for new and broad –and small– spectrum antibiotics is increasing.[2] [3] In this paper I will give an outline of the main factors why big pharmaceutical companies are no longer developing new antibiotics and I will attempt to pose possible solutions –call it Utopian solutions– that may turn the tide before it is too late.

Tyrothricin, one of the first antibiotics discovered after penicillin, treated many wounds and helped fight diseases in the body (“Antibiotic” 1). Scientists tested the efficiency of Tyrothricin on open wounds. After twelve days, the Tyrothricin that had been administered to one of the wounds had miraculous results in comparison to the injury without the ointment (Williams 1). Tyrothricin has benefitted many people with flesh wounds particularly soldiers at war. Their accessibility to the drug had increased their bodies productivity in healing the laceration. Moreover, Actinomycete is another example of Penicillin blooming the beginning of all antibiotics. Actinomycete, when tested its capability of eliminating marine alga Phaeocystis globosa, proved to be highly efficient in that after 7 days, marine alga Phaeocystis globosa decreased its toxicity by 60% (Zhang 1). Actinomycetes contribution to society includes drugs like Bestain. When combined with Aminopeptidase, Bestain resists and reduces the size of liver cancer stem cells and also xenograft tumors (Sun 1). Derived from Penicillin, Actinomycetes is the benefactor and savior to the once ravenous diseases that once spread among people by producing many different antibiotics. Eventually, antibiotics created by cephalosporins commenced into society with drugs such as Cefixime, Cephalexin, and Cefuroxime which suppress infections like skin,

For over 50 years, antibiotics have been used to do many useful things. During the World War II, it has been extremely useful especially to cure infectious wounds and treat diseases. However, people wonder how antibiotics are made or how it works. Well, it may be a shock but, bacteria actually makes antibiotics up. This one celled organism can be found everywhere and on everyone on the globe.

Antibiotics were introduced to people in 1929, which could restrain the normal growth of the other bacteria called antimicrobial activity, was found by British scientist Alexander Fleming by coincidence. Then scientists used antibiotics, to cure injured soldiers and got great success during the World War. With the efforts of many scientists in the past half of the century, thousand kinds of antibiotics are found, which could be natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic, and many of them are used in medical field successfully.

Hi Ken! How are you? Hope you are feeling better and this week has been much better for you than the previous one. How is your toe? and your leg? Hope the new antibiotic is working as expected.

Ladies and gentlemen, I’d like you to look around the convention hall and ponder what ailments reside in this building. What health issues do you and your neighbors face today? Obesity, allergies, autoimmune disorders, mental illnesses, the list of possible issues is immense and difficult to fathom. Now let’s fast-backward to the past, to the eighteenth century, to a time before modern medical interventions and chemical treatments. What would we be suffering from then? This is equally difficult to imagine. Tuberculosis? Shingles? Cholera? Now what if I told you that in the near future, we could be suffering from all of these maladies at the same time. An obese tuberculosis patient could

The graph I have created is a line graph. I included the four types of antibiotics we tested.

Adding sections are not enough to explain my project as there were many things that I was confused about in the beginning of my writing process. One of the biggest will be genre and audience. What? There were two? It is technically one because genre and audience are connected to each other, you just can’t go over one without the other. Anyways, I was horribly confused about what kind of genre am I picking for my RIP project. At first I thought that this is just going to be a game script that will become games in the future, therefore the audience will be all gamers. Then, I began to realize that the audience for a script is actually developers, just like movie scripts are for the director and actors. It took me a long way to figure this out. You can tell by comparing between my draft and my final essay, you will see that the original paragraph that discusses the audience is only 3 lines and that can’t explain anything. After I seriously thought about it. I finally understands that my audience is the audience for the script, not the game. As a result, I changed my essay so it will be analyzing the text script, not the actual game. This also helped me to establish the genre that I am working on, which is a game script which works a lot like a movie script where it will have scene changes and camera shifting and so on.

Antibiotics have played a major role in our society thanks to Sir Alexander Fleming's careful observations in 1928. Without it, many lives would be in danger due to infectious diseases. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by various species of microorganisms and other living systems that are capable in small concentrations of inhibiting the growth of or killing bacteria and other microorganisms. These organisms can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or animals called protozoa. A particular group of these agents is made up of drugs called antibiotics, from the Greek word anti ("against") and bios ("life").