Forty-four states and the District of Columbia had already had plans to design new tests for the 2014-2015 school year by sharing $330 million in attempt to create new online end of year and semester tests that would replace paper tests which had been used until that point. Now looking upon the 2017-2018 school year, the majority of those states have already converted to the newly created online tests, but many believe that they should have continued using the paper testing. Studies are beginning to show that reading comprehension varies drastically between the traditional paper compared to their digital mediums. Electronic mediums negatively impact a reader’s reading comprehension level when compared to paper mediums as seen through note …show more content…
In addition to note taking strategies through different medias affecting an individual's reading comprehension level but early development of letters and shapes through different medias has an effect as well. To develop reading comprehension many are taught at an early age to read and write basic letters and shapes. In a 2012 study conducted by Indiana University, psychologist Karin James tested a five year old children, who was not yet able to efficiently read or write, by asking them to reproduce a letter or shape in three different ways: drawn onto a blank sheet, traced over a dotted line, or typed on a computer. Results of the three test concluded through a MRI scan that was conducted while the tests occurred, that only while the children were drawing freehand that activation across the brain associated in adults with reading and writing occurred. Therefore in the development of a child’s reading comprehension freehand drawing is proven to aid in development greater than typing and tracing over dotted lines, which are both common ways in modern times used to teach children reading and writing. Using a digital media when developing a young child’s reading comprehension skills will then be less effective in the development as well as
The child knew how to turn the pages, show me the title of the book, and show me the title page of the book. The child struggled in holding the book right side up, showing me the front cover, and the back cover, and finding the first page of text. The child was not able to tell me what the author or the illustrator did. With the conventions of print the child was able to tell me where it tells the story at, where we start to read. Lastly the he could tell me that we read from left to right and top to bottom. The child struggled with the return sweep when reading. The child excelled in showing me the spaces between words, and pointing out letters to me. The child struggled in one on one reading, and finding word boundaries around a word. The child also had problems with finding the first word on the page, and the last word on the page, and with counting the words and letters for me. The child was not able to show me the difference between a capital and lowercase letter. The child was able to identify the letters on a page, some of the specific letters that I pointed to, and also was able to identity some of the letters in his name. The child was also able to name some of the letters on a page, some of the specific letters, and some of the letters in his name. He was able to
The first stage of art development is the Scribble: this stage consists of three stages which are the uncontrolled scribble, the controlled scribble, and the named scribble (Beaty, 2014). For example, Caydence Thomas (2016) who is two years and eleven months old girl, and she draws the uncontrolled scribbled picture. The first stage of the scribble is just a mark and uncontrolled mark because the child have "little control of eye and hand movement" (Beaty, 2014, p. 258). Caydence uses different colors and scribbling over her scribbles. Caydence marks "endless lines done in a rhythmic, manipulative manner" (Beaty, 2014, p. 257). However, Caydence marks one oval shape. Therefore, Caydence is starting to have the coordination of eyes and hand. “Once children’s scribble have become horizontal lines instead of circular or aimless meandering so, they are indicating they understand writing is something different from drawing” (Beaty, 2014, p. 231). Since, there is no evidence of the linear scribble on Caydence’s picture, she has not developed the understanding of difference between drawing and writing.
In 2nd Century BC, when papermaking was first invented, the Chinese inventors created an object as light as a feather that contains more power than all the armies of the world. Paper has unquestionably been a force that has revolutionized the world. While it is universally accepted that paper has been a liberating force for society it has also been a medium that has led to misfortune for many people. Like a double-edged sword; paper can acts as a vehicle for sharing and a catalyst for great change and opportunity, but just as easily be used to imprison and constrain individuals and societies. Wayson Choy highlights both the positive and negative effect that paper has on each character throughout his novel All That Matters. The journey
The 21st century has in many ways been defined as the century of innovation, especially in the emergent field of technology, and science has been an essential contributor to this. Electricity has been an important factor to invention. Static electricity is a form of electricity that has enabled the creation of printers, spray paint, pollutant removers and photocopiers. In this essay, I will discuss static electricity, photocopiers, and how they play a role in the speed of mass-production. I will also illustrate the photocopier’s advantages and disadvantages, and its implication for society.
Lee Williams discussed how standardized testing as well as classroom instruction is still focusing on only one form of literacy, printed text, rather than addressing the fact that modern students have now experienced a shift from most media being printed texts to more visual texts. Williams wants to redefine literacy to include such things as reading a painting. People are now starting to question what it means to be literate. Now people are understanding that “literacy can take on multiple forms and can vary across social and cultural settings” (Williams, P. 637). A key component discussed is how finding information beyond the written text can contribute to greater cognitive processing. Williams believes that visual literacy supplement and may one day replace written text.
For example, if the word was “balloon,” it would look as if each letter was an assortment of balloons. This is called a mnemonic device. A mnemonic device is used as an aid in remembering, typically an image, formula or rhyme. Children live in a very visual world where seeing things helps them observe and take in what they see, including words. This helps us recognize objects we see on a daily basis, such as a car or tree. Having a child read this way can build their experience. Illustrations and text animation have become progressively significant in these most recent years. “When they [children] go somewhere in the real world, they will remember what they read and can even point them out,” says Dr. Diana Dumetz Carry. “It is essential that students not only have the capacity to derive literal meaning from texts, but also to develop an understanding of how the texts are produced. We live in a world where visual images are becoming increasingly important as most information is presented as a combination of words and images.” This means that animated text and pictures help young children comprehend and recognize objects in the real world. Since 2011, the percentage of children who have read an e-book has doubled, now at 46%. (Source 3, 3). However, many teachers and parents worry that putting technology into tiny hands will cause young children to lose the experience of turning pages, sharing favorites with friends, and handling a traditional book,
Currently, the HGRDA is using paper-based system to register new riders, medical consents and new staffs’ details. According to the clients’ attendance that is recorded in a role book, the invoice will be generated. When riders’ or staff’s information need to be changed, they might need to re-fill forms. The annual timetable will be set up at the beginning of the year. Based on the lesson schedule, the manager will assign suitable staff and volunteers. Additionally, the advantages of using paper-based system are that making notes on files and sharing within a large group easily. Also, the paper-based system will have low requirements on the hardware of the organisation. Besides, one disadvantage of using paper-based system is that the manager has to check records manually, which may cause some unnecessary errors. Another disadvantage is that the current system does not provide the manager with special functions to generate statistic efficiently.
Extensions: Extension in horizontal and vertical display was made easy in PaperFold and could be used for a large amount of real-estate out of thin film screens.
Paper is a material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances used for writing, drawing, printing, or as wrapping material. Paper, whether produced in the modern factory or through the most delicate hand methods, is made up of connected fibers. The fibers can come from a number of sources including cloth rags, cellulose fibers from plants, and, most trees. The use of cloth in the process produces a high-quality paper. A large proportion of cotton and linen fibers in the mix creates many uses, from wedding invitation paper stock to special paper for pen and ink drawings (Paper).
When we read from books, our brains can attain more information at a more accurate and faster rate, resulting in greater scores when displaying comprehension skills in the long run. Lauren Singer and Patricia Alexander, scholars of University of Maryland, proves this instance in their experiment, Reading Across Mediums: Effects of Reading Digital and Print Texts on Comprehension and Calibration (2016). The study consisted of
The market for college literature has expanded over the past few decades. College students now have a choice in buying their text books in form of E-Book, hypertext, or even in paper form. However, some believe that the different types of presentation platforms differ in comprehension level. Jabr (2012) expressed concern for the comprehension of electronic reading by using an example of a common YouTube video of a one-year old girl who seemed more interested in the iPad than a paper book. The child expressed confusion when the paper book did not change pages with the simple swipe of her fingers like the iPad’s pages. For children, who grow up in a world where electronic books may be more easily accessible to them at school than paper
Media refers to different channels that are used to transmit, store and deliver data or some information from one place to another place, one person to other as well as to masses.This term also used as mass media. We are living in a rapidly developing and modernized era where technology is taking charge in every walks of our life. This technology may come with many advantages and disadvantages as well. Every development is due to rapid modernization, improvement old administration methods and the use of new technology to make things even better. The major forms of media used all around the world today are print media, electronic media. In this article an attempt has been made to compare print media and electronic media.
Traditional and electronic publishing have one goal, but they are different in their definitions because of the changes in publishing over time. For example, Lancaster (1995) mentions that the electronic publishing has a different way of connecting one author to another author through the Internet; this has redefined publishing, as we knew it. Besides, it gives them the chance to pass the information in an easy and fast manner. He also states that the electronic publishing continued to develop progressively during the different time periods (Lancaster, 1995). That means the system of electronic publishing requires different types of products to publish the information for people since the older products or methods are not advanced enough to
The term "media" is already familiar to our ears, and every almost every timewe are dealing with something that's called media. But, what exactly is the media? Understanding media can refer to at least two things : communication and computing.
The data was collected with consent forms that the parents filled out before participating and took a brief questionnaire about the child’s reading experience. If the parents were not familiar with the iPad technology, they were trained by someone who was part of the research team. When parents were comfortable, the process of the study began.