Traumatic Brain Injury And Analysis

Medical and technological advances have led to greater survival rates in individuals suffering from various illness and injury throughout history. This includes individuals who suffer traumatic and nontraumatic brain injuries. Approximately 1.5 million people in the United States sustain a brain injury each year with the survival rate of over 90 percent making brain injury the leading cause for disability in the United States. (Mysiw, Bogner, Corrigan, Fugate, Clinchot, & Kadyan 2006). Cognitive, physical, sensory and behavioral changes are widely noted in individuals in the months and years following a brain injury. However, the psychosocial, psychological and emotional effects of these injuries are less discussed and therefore these aspects can be overlooked when anticipating a course of treatment. Individuals who sustain acquired brain injuries experience significant, lasting impairment in the psychosocial, psychological and emotional aspects of their lives and better understanding of these issues can lead to better treatment and coping skills for these individuals.

Traumatic brain injury is any damage caused to the brain. Individuals with TBI may show aphasia-like symptoms, yet the characteristics of TBI include mostly cognitive processes deficits. Those characteristics include disrupt orientation, attention, memory, visual processing, and executive functions problems. Penitents with TBI experience a blackout that can last anywhere between a few minutes up to months and usually wake up confused and disoriented. They do not have any recollection of the events that occurred. In addition to the common characteristics mentioned earlier, TBI patients exhibit communication deficits that relate to poor cognitive functioning such as problems with word finding, grammatical, spelling, reading, and writing. The cause of TBI is very straightforward, unlike SLI or ASD. Any injury to the head, for example motor vehicle accidents, falls, blast trauma, and more, can cause a TBI. These in turn can cause damage to multiple areas of the brain and impair motor, speech, language, and cognitive functions as discussed. It is important to note that unlike ASD that usually

What the TBI victim goes through is horrific. Traumatic brain injury can cause a wide range of functional issues, short-term or long-term. It can affect thinking, sensation, language, or emotions (CDC). The long term damage of TBI’s can result in permanent damage that can change the person’s deficits to varying degrees, especially long

Phineas Gage, a 25 year old construction worker is known as one of the most famous patients that suffered from a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuries are increasing every year. Even though the brain is very functional, brain injuries can have many physical, emotional, social, and

Phineas Gage, a 25 year old construction worker is known as one of the most famous patients that suffered from a traumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. Just like Phineas Gage, a TBI can potentially change everything. Brain studies on traumatic brain injuries are increasing every year. Even though the brain is very functional, brain injuries can have many physical, emotional, social, and

Traumatic brain injury is a serious harm to the brain which happens after a blow or jolt to the head. Also it causes wide-ranging spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Suffering from TBI is not only an impact on the individual but it can also be devastating to the individual’s family. TBI can occur after experiencing a traumatic event or situation such as, accident, fall, violence, etc. There are three types of common symptoms for TBI for example, Physical, cognitive, and emotional. The symptoms for TBI and PTSD are really similar and because of similarities in both, it can be difficult to understand what the fundamental complication is. Furthermore, individuals with TBI are more likely to develop PTSD in the long run. Since there were many things the women was forgetting about while telling her story, it could have been due to TBI. When telling her story she couldn’t stay calm,” she cries

A traumatic brain injury (also known as a TBI) is a hit to the head that causes damage to the brain cells as well as causes the person to become confused, as a result of the information that’s being sent to neuron to neuron getting interrupted.When the impulses are not going the correct way it causes the person to change their personality, attitude and emotions. Not to mention that no two brain injuries are alike. For the medical team they take a different approach.

According to the CDC (United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), there are approximately 1.5 million people in the U.S. who suffer from a traumatic brain injury each year (CDC, 2003). Also, the CDC reports that nearly 50,000 people die from TBI each year and 85,000 people suffer long-term disabilities and slowly growing. Traumatic brain injury, also well known as TBI, is when severe change(s) in a normal functioning brain has abruptly changed due to a plethora of different MOI’s, some include: open or closed head injuries, deceleration injuries, chemical/toxic, hypoxia, tumors, infections and stroke. Car accidents, firearms, and falls often cause many TBI’s. Consequences of a brain injury vary from person-to-person because no two injuries are alike. A brain injury is different from a broken leg or punctured lung. Brain injuries do not heal like other injuries; once the brain is damaged it's hard to heal the damaged areas in the brain. Once the areas in the brain are affected it can lead to limited use of specific body parts, alter your personality, mental abilities, abnormal speech/language, impaired or loss of thinking and emotions (depression) and sensation (vision or hearing.)

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have been shown to have a great impact on several specific structures in the brain of both immediate and long-term damage. Often preoccupation can be focused into the immediate outcomes. The immediate concerns of TBI are without doubt important but this often creates ignorance in terms of the long-term consequences that may follow an individual impacted by TBI into subsequent years. As one will come to recognize, this is of particular concern in terms of children who survive TBI. It was once believed that due to development, children were less vulnerable to TBI in comparison to mature, adult brains but research of childhood TBI has found this conjecture to be false (Beauchamp et al., 2011). As discussed in

Examining the long-term effects of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) are one of the many areas of brain behavior relationships neuropsychologists focus on. Consequently, studies review the effects obstacles have when attempting to remediate coping following TBI (Krpan, K. M., Anderson, N. D., & Stuss, D. T., 2013) while other studies have looked at the relationships between development in children who have suffered from TBI (Ganesalingam, K., Yeates, K. O., Sanson, A. and Anderson, V., 2007). In a highly specialized study, researchers discussed the sex differences in orbitofrontal connectivity in male and female veterans with TBI (McGlade, E., Rogowska, J. & Yurgelun-Todd, D., 2015). Nevertheless, while these studies are examining different ways TBI are influencing different behavioral changes in all ranges of people, they all focus on specific brain behavior relationships. The further purpose of these studies is to determine the best rehabilitation methods to achieve the highest possibility of cognitive functioning. Through the examination of how TBI effect certain areas of the brain, this will allow neuropsychologists to focus rehabilitation efforts specifically on the areas with the most concentrated brain damage.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can result in many neural deficits which result in a lower social cognitive performance. Social cognition can be defined as “an umbrella term that comprises the ability to attend to, process, and interpret social information in order to guide both volitional and nonvolitional decision making and behavior” (Kelly, McDonald, & Kellett, 2014 p. 897). Because social cognition involves working memory, inhibition, and initiation, patients suffering from TBI are likely to have a reduced performance in one or more of these areas which results in reduced social cognition. Results of a 2014 study conducted by Kelly, McDonald & Kellett show that the experimental group suffering from TBI performed lower than the control group on a number of social cognitive tasks including the Social Decision Making Task (SDMT), Awareness of Social Inference

Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) can affect almost all areas of life. These deficits can affect cognition, motor function, language, and of course social function. This social dysfunction often negatively affects the long-term outcomes and quality of life for these TBI patients. () This social dysfunction can frequently manifest itself as maladaptive aggression. () This aggression can destroy intrapersonal relationships leaving the patient without the key support network that plays such a large role in recovery. The frontal lobe and particularly the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have long been associated with both emotional regulation and recognition of emotional expression in others. () It is therefore important to regionalize areas of the PFC that

Level of consciousness (LOC), Altered mental status (AMS), Post traumatic amnesia (PTA), and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) were implemented in the evaluation of the severity of the TBI, as shown below:

Injury can be classified as mild, moderate and severe depending on the extent of the damage to the brain (NINDS, n.d.). According to the article, individuals with TBI suffers from major changes in psychosocial, behavioral and emotional status which effects their ability to participate in daily functional activities tremendously. Article further adds that long term effects of TBI has high numbers of depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation, substance abuse, sleep disorders etc. (Wheeler, Acord-Vira & Davis, 2016). A research was conducted in 51 sub-acute and chronic stage TBI patients to evaluate the behavioral changes specifically emotion recognition and self-awareness after moderate and severe injury. The patients were assessed using emotion recognition test (FEEST) and a questionnaire for behavioral problems (DEX) proxy and self-rating version. According to the research, patients exhibited significant behavioral problems on Dex test both version. Patients also demonstrated high rate of sadness and anger on FEEST which correlated with impaired self-awareness. Hence, article concludes that deficits in emotion recognition can be conceived as markers for behavioral problems and lack of insight in TBI patients (Jacoba, S et.al. 2013). The holistic and client centered care are core aspect of occupational therapy. With various changes in clients with TBI, OT can use their clinical

She was evaluated at St. Luke’s Hospital and received 10 stitches on the back of her head. After the accident the patient reported intermittent headaches and dizziness, difficulty concentrating, insomnia, anxiety, impaired memory and reading comprehension, and distressing flashbacks of the incident. A neuropsychological evaluation found her symptoms to be in the severe range of the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and she was diagnosed with PTSD and Post-Concussion Syndrome. The evaluation found a direct causal link between her symptoms and the incident. The patient’s symptoms were consistent with mild TBI. However, the presence of PTSD (which shares symptoms like impaired attention and irritability) complicated a differential diagnosis (Brenner et al. 2009). A DTI study was ordered to assess possible