Tuberculosis Case Study Ib

Current treatment of this disease is a complex, long process. Because of TBs notorious background of being resistant to many drugs, treatment usually consists of an antibiotic regimen lasting upwards of 6-12 months. Treatment also varies from individual to individual. Age, health, TB form, and location of infection all impact the type of treatment one is given to aide in curing the disease (MayoClinic, 2014). Regardless, treatment of this disease is not an easy task for many reasons. Compliance and patients tolerance to such a strict medication regimen for a prolonged period of time is a huge variable which decreases the likeness of successful treatment related to increased occurrences of medication side effects and missed dosages. According to World Health Organization

TB is still proven to be a top killer around the world, and with more cases of drug resistant TB being reported daily, the cost of treating and preventing this disease will continue to be on the rise.

Tuberculosis has been part of human history for a long time but how long is a long time? Recent research using genetic data has allowed us to know that the tuberculosis progenitor has been on this planet for about 3 million years affecting even our earlier ancestors (Gutierrez et al, 2005). Additionally this research showed that the bacilli from tuberculosis are capable of mixing sections of their genome with other strains and giving the pathogen a composite assembly, which resulted from ancient horizontal exchanges before its clonal expansion. This quality provided tuberculosis a big advantage that even now a days allows the organism to evade, adapt and create resistance to treatments that were once successful. In order to fix current and

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death from many infectious diseases (3). Out of 9 million people who are infected with mycobacteria, about 2 million deaths occur from tuberculosis every year (3). Unfortunately, the prevalence of tuberculosis is in a continuous increase due to increased number of Human immunodeificnecy virus (HIV) patients, bacterial resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs, and growing number of recreational drug users (3). The pathogen responsible for bacterial infection, potentially causing tuberculosis, is mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (2). Persons with adequate immune system can control the bacterial infection so mycobacteria remain dormant for a long time (11). In a typical tuberculous granuloma, mature

Rifamycins contain an aromatic nucleus,which is connected on both sides by an aliphatic bridge. The rifamycins diffuse slightly over the M. tuberculosis cell membrane due to their lipophilic profile. The mechanism of rifamycin is it binds to the β-subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme complex and blocks the transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA), which causes cell death. The mRNA transcripts are essential for protein synthesis (translation). The mechanism of resistance to rifampin occurs due to the mutations in the rpoBgene, coding for the RNA polymerase beta chain (Figure

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that is spread through the air from person to person. It attacks the lungs mainly, although it can also affect different areas in the body such as the kidneys, the brain, and the spine. Tuberculosis is both preventable and curable. It requires treatment and proper medication use. If someone affected by TB is not properly treated there is a high risk of death. The two main drugs used in curing patients with TB are isoniazid and rifampicin. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis(MDR TB) is resistant to both of these drugs used for treatment, making it extremely hard to cure patients with the disease. Tuberculosis travels through the bloodstream and makes the immune system weak. Multidrug-Resistant TB is caused by improper use of medication. To prevent Tuberculosis from becoming Multidrug-Resistant, patients should take their full prescriptions of their antibiotics, make certain that their antibiotics are high quality, and perform the proper treatment course. Extensive Mulitdrug-Resistant Tuberculosis(XDR TB) is even more of a threat due to its resistance to more drugs than just isoniazid and rifampicin. Being resistant to a wide range of medication, Extensive Mulitdrug-Resistant Tuberculosis is even harder to cure than MDR TB. It leaves patients with small options of treatment that have little effect. People with autoimmune diseases like HIV are way

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that affects millions of people globally. It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the respiratory tract of those who are already infected with the disease. Some who are infected with the bacteria that causes TB often exhibit no symptoms, because their immune systems stop the bacteria from growing and multiplying. Those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to developing the full blown disease which can cause symptoms that include coughing, spitting blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, and fever. Tuberculosis can be treated with a six to nine month course of a combination of antibiotics. If left untreated, TB will spread and can be fatal.

In order to prevent a TB infection from becoming a TB disease, your doctor may provide medicine. Isoniazid (INH) is the most common type of medicine for TB infections and may have to be taken for up to 6 to 12 months in order to ensure all TB germs are eliminated from the

Ideally the treatment begins before the active disease has developed. The common treatment for tuberculosis is antimicrobial drug isoniazid, but other people who are infected usual will use a combination of different antituberculosis drugs. Bedaquiline is a drug used to treat multi-drug resistance and extensively drug-resistant TB. In 2012 an estimated 1.3 million died from the

Now that you have been diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) disease, let us talk about some of the medications, known as anti-tuberculosis medications, the doctor is likely to prescribe. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are ten different drugs that can be used to treat TB, with the “first-line anti-TB” medications being: isoniazid (INH), rifampin (RIF), etherambutol (EMB), and pyrazinamide (PZA) (CDC, 2016). These are taken in pill form, by mouth. The two phases of treatment are the intensive phase, where you will take INH, RIF, PZA, and EMB; and the continuation phase, where you will be taking INH and RIF. There are a few different options for dosing. The CDC states that for the intensive phase you

However, only half of the bacteria are ever even detected under microscopes. The reason for such is because microscopy does not detect drug-resistant TB. The most effect test for an individual with TB is the Xpert MTB/Rif test. This test detects for TB and resistance to Rifampin, which is the most important medication for the treatment of TB. WHO recommended the use of Xpert MTB/Rif as a diagnostic test for TB because it only takes two hours to diagnosis the disease. More than 100 countries are using this test now.

For years now drug resistance is increasing and not just in one or two strands of bacteria, it is in all of them. This resistance makes treating a patient with the infection more difficult to the point where some strands require surgery. Tuberculosis is not a bacterium that you can easily remove from the body though. It takes time and medication for the tuberculosis to be eradicated from the body. The problem is with the advancements of medicine bacterium, like tuberculosis, are starting to produce resistance to not just one or two drugs here or there, but the bacteria is producing resistance for multiple drugs at one time.

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).

There is an urgent needed new anti-TB drug because of the complexity and toxicity of the first- and second-line TB drugs regimen but main problem is drug resistance. It is an enormous significance, the recent past few years have been discovered in the number of new anti-TB compounds and drugs in the pipeline, when a long time any drug did not discover. Recently, plenty numbers of drug candidates in the different stages under trials e.g. lead optimization stage, preclinical development, phase II and phase III clinical trials (Fig. 1).

In 2011, WHO estimated 12 million prevalent cases of tuberculosis worldwide, of which about 630 000 (roughly 5%) were MDR tuberculosis. The highest caseloads of MDR tuberculosis were reported in India, China, Russia, and South Africa, which accounted for more than 60% of cases worldwide. India and China have the highest number of MDR tuberculosis cases worldwide. Tuberculosis has now been made a notifiable disease in India. Drug resistance surveys in several states have indicated that the prevalence of MDR TB in India is 2–3 percent among new cases and 12-17 percent among reinfection cases. According to drug