Tuberculosis Case Study Ib

Many people take breathing for granted, some never give it a second thought until a problem presents itself. Respiratory diseases affect millions of Americans as well as people from all over the world. Anyone can suffer from these disorders to include men, women, and children, with conditions ranging from mild, moderate, to chronic in nature. This paper will focus on one of the many respiratory disease called mycobacterium tuberculosis; more commonly referred to as TB.

1.) What does this movie reveal about politics and/or society of the 1950s? Be specific.

Tuberculosis has been part of human history for a long time but how long is a long time? Recent research using genetic data has allowed us to know that the tuberculosis progenitor has been on this planet for about 3 million years affecting even our earlier ancestors (Gutierrez et al, 2005). Additionally this research showed that the bacilli from tuberculosis are capable of mixing sections of their genome with other strains and giving the pathogen a composite assembly, which resulted from ancient horizontal exchanges before its clonal expansion. This quality provided tuberculosis a big advantage that even now a days allows the organism to evade, adapt and create resistance to treatments that were once successful. In order to fix current and

Rifamycins contain an aromatic nucleus,which is connected on both sides by an aliphatic bridge. The rifamycins diffuse slightly over the M. tuberculosis cell membrane due to their lipophilic profile. The mechanism of rifamycin is it binds to the β-subunit of the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme complex and blocks the transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA), which causes cell death. The mRNA transcripts are essential for protein synthesis (translation). The mechanism of resistance to rifampin occurs due to the mutations in the rpoBgene, coding for the RNA polymerase beta chain (Figure

Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease that is spread through the air from person to person. It attacks the lungs mainly, although it can also affect different areas in the body such as the kidneys, the brain, and the spine. Tuberculosis is both preventable and curable. It requires treatment and proper medication use. If someone affected by TB is not properly treated there is a high risk of death. The two main drugs used in curing patients with TB are isoniazid and rifampicin. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis(MDR TB) is resistant to both of these drugs used for treatment, making it extremely hard to cure patients with the disease. Tuberculosis travels through the bloodstream and makes the immune system weak. Multidrug-Resistant TB is caused by improper use of medication. To prevent Tuberculosis from becoming Multidrug-Resistant, patients should take their full prescriptions of their antibiotics, make certain that their antibiotics are high quality, and perform the proper treatment course. Extensive Mulitdrug-Resistant Tuberculosis(XDR TB) is even more of a threat due to its resistance to more drugs than just isoniazid and rifampicin. Being resistant to a wide range of medication, Extensive Mulitdrug-Resistant Tuberculosis is even harder to cure than MDR TB. It leaves patients with small options of treatment that have little effect. People with autoimmune diseases like HIV are way

The beginning of the General Motors recall crisis was the alleged failure by the company to recall its faulty cars on time, despite having known about the ignition switch problem, which persisted over a decade. The aforementioned design flaw in over a million vehicles, which caused hundreds of fatalities, was well known by the company’s management, before the decision to recall the faulty vehicles. Ethical issues relate to the recall crisis concern GM’s favoring cover-up over legal considerations on customer safety. Concisely, the company concealed defects from the top management, dealers, and the public, while the car users crashed the cars and died from problems that General Motors could have fixed. This paper will focus on the issues surrounding the General Motors Recall Crisis.

In order to prevent a TB infection from becoming a TB disease, your doctor may provide medicine. Isoniazid (INH) is the most common type of medicine for TB infections and may have to be taken for up to 6 to 12 months in order to ensure all TB germs are eliminated from the

ncephalitis is a general term for an infection of the brain. The encephalon is considered to be the gray matter of the brain, and there is where all neuron cells are located. If an infection takes place in this region, it is called encephalitis. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain, in most cases, due to a viral infection. However, it can also be cause by parasites, bacterial, or a complication from another infection. Encephalitis is disease that anyone can suffer from. There are different types of encephalitis around the world. In the United States can be found at least five types of encephalitis, (St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE), Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), La Crosse Encephalitis (LAC), and West Nile Encephalitis (WNE)), which affect the population (Harvey). Encephalitis is a rare disease that can be life-threated.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that affects millions of people globally. It is a contagious disease that is spread through the air, and it usually affects the lungs. It is transmitted from person to person through droplets from the respiratory tract of those who are already infected with the disease. Some who are infected with the bacteria that causes TB often exhibit no symptoms, because their immune systems stop the bacteria from growing and multiplying. Those with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to developing the full blown disease which can cause symptoms that include coughing, spitting blood, chest pains, weakness, weight loss, and fever. Tuberculosis can be treated with a six to nine month course of a combination of antibiotics. If left untreated, TB will spread and can be fatal.

Tuberculosis is one of the major causes of death from many infectious diseases (3). Out of 9 million people who are infected with mycobacteria, about 2 million deaths occur from tuberculosis every year (3). Unfortunately, the prevalence of tuberculosis is in a continuous increase due to increased number of Human immunodeificnecy virus (HIV) patients, bacterial resistance to anti-tuberculous drugs, and growing number of recreational drug users (3). The pathogen responsible for bacterial infection, potentially causing tuberculosis, is mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) (2). Persons with adequate immune system can control the bacterial infection so mycobacteria remain dormant for a long time (11). In a typical tuberculous granuloma, mature

Tuberculosis (TB) is a severe airborne pathogen that is highly contagious and listed as one of the top 10 causes of death around the world. The bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes TB, and it most often affects the lungs. Other bacterial members of TB include Mycobacterium africanum and Mycobacterium boris. The Mycobacterium africanum is most common in West African countries and causes of a quarter of TB cases in Gambia. Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and africanum have similar symptoms. ___________

Tuberculosis is among the fatal diseases that are spread through the air. It’s contagious, meaning that it spreads from one infected individual to another, and at times it spreads very fast. In addition to being contagious, the disease is an opportunist infection as it takes advantage of those with weak defense mechanism, and especially the ones with terminal diseases like HIV and AIDS. Tuberculosis is therefore among the major concerns for the World Health Organization due to its contagious nature (World Health Organization 1).

For years now drug resistance is increasing and not just in one or two strands of bacteria, it is in all of them. This resistance makes treating a patient with the infection more difficult to the point where some strands require surgery. Tuberculosis is not a bacterium that you can easily remove from the body though. It takes time and medication for the tuberculosis to be eradicated from the body. The problem is with the advancements of medicine bacterium, like tuberculosis, are starting to produce resistance to not just one or two drugs here or there, but the bacteria is producing resistance for multiple drugs at one time.

In 2011, WHO estimated 12 million prevalent cases of tuberculosis worldwide, of which about 630 000 (roughly 5%) were MDR tuberculosis. The highest caseloads of MDR tuberculosis were reported in India, China, Russia, and South Africa, which accounted for more than 60% of cases worldwide. India and China have the highest number of MDR tuberculosis cases worldwide. Tuberculosis has now been made a notifiable disease in India. Drug resistance surveys in several states have indicated that the prevalence of MDR TB in India is 2–3 percent among new cases and 12-17 percent among reinfection cases. According to drug

There is an urgent needed new anti-TB drug because of the complexity and toxicity of the first- and second-line TB drugs regimen but main problem is drug resistance. It is an enormous significance, the recent past few years have been discovered in the number of new anti-TB compounds and drugs in the pipeline, when a long time any drug did not discover. Recently, plenty numbers of drug candidates in the different stages under trials e.g. lead optimization stage, preclinical development, phase II and phase III clinical trials (Fig. 1).