What Are The Fourteen Categories Of Disabilities Under The IDEA Law

The word development refers not to the physical growth of children and young people, but to the skills and knowledge that they are developing. When looking at child development it is divided into the following areas –

The American with Disabilities Act was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H.W. Bush. (Mayerson, 1992). According to Hallahan, Kauffman, & Pullen (2015, P, 14) “the ADA provides protection of the civil rights in the specific areas of employment, transportation, public, accommodation, State and local government, and telecommunication. According to Mayerson (1992, P1) “the ADA did not began at the signing ceremony at the White House, but it began in the communities, when parents with children with disabilities began to fight against the exclusion and segregation of the children". The foundation of the ADA, is the disability rights movement. The disability movement fought for the rights of the people with disability. According to Mayerson (1992, P, 1) "The disability rights movement, has made the injustices faced by the people with disabilities visible to the American public and politicians." Without the contribution of the disabilities rights movement there would not have been an ADA. Like the civil rights movement before the people with disabilities sat in federal buildings, marched through the streets to protest the injustice. Also, they sought justice in the courts (Mayerson, 1992). According to Mayerson (1992, P 2) " From a legal perspective, a profound and historic shift in the disability public policy occurred in the 1973 with the passage of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act". Section 504 is the U.S federal law that protect the people with

Both anti-discrimination laws and other legislation regulate the practice of school psychology. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) – 2004 provides the rights and responsibilities of the children, parents, schools, and states in evaluation, assessment, and placement of individuals in special education. Informed consent is required prior to both evaluation and placement. Nondiscriminatory and appropriate evaluation in the child’s native language is required by IDEIA. School must place the student in the least restrictive environment. Reevaluation of the student and the placement must be occur every three years, with the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) being reviewed annually. IDEIA includes a provision referred

5) Emotional Disturbance - Characterized by one or more of the following conditions over a long period of time: An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors; an inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers; inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances; a general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression; or a tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. (NICHCY)

According to IDEA “hearing loss means a loss of hearing, weather permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but that is not included under the definition of deafness… (Heward, 365).” There are three different types of hearing losses: conductive hearing loss, sensorineural hearing loss, and mixed hearing loss.

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a United States federal law that consents of four categories outlining how public agencies and individual states ensures that students with various disabilities are provided a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) that is conditioned to their specific needs regardless of their ability. This act mandates tailored services, educational modifications, and the main objective for these children throughout the nation is to supply them with the same possibility of getting an education as those who do not have a disability until the age of 21.

The reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 1997 and IDEA 2004 provided disabled students with options for assistive technology in the classroom as well as assistive technology services. It is through these mandates that Individual Educational Plans (IEP) began to include assistive technology options. The IDEA 2004 “law mandates that assistive technology devices and services be provided to students with disabilities if the technology is essential for accessing education-related resources. (Dell, Newton, & Petroff, 2012, p. 7) The end result is, to make it possible for the student to access the curriculum that he/she otherwise could not without the assistive technology.

Disability is a complex word to define. Several attempts have been made to provide simplistic definition of the word however, it just added to more confusion and misuse of what the word disability means. The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) defines disability as “a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual”. There are many different perspectives of what the term disability means from an administrative, clinical, or academic research perspective. The administrative definition of disability is defined as situations associated with injury, health, or physical conditions that create limitations. The clinical perspective of disability is when the ability to engage in gainful activity is reduced because of impairment when evaluated by a physician. The research perspective on disability are much more aware of the different factors associated with a disability. According to Barbara Altman, “multiple factors involved in the relationship between health, functioning, context, and the dynamics of conditions that go into the process that is ultimately labeled as disability”(Altman, 2013).

Examples of developmental disabilities are Autism spectrum disorder, behavior disorders, Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome and intellectual disabilities.

The Individual with Disabilities Act (IDEA, 2001) is the federal act enacted to ensure all

Walton (2014) stated “The prevalence of deafness has been increasing rapidly over the last 30 years. Since 1971 deafness has gone from about 13 million to almost 30 million (Walton, 2014). Of all the students with an IEP under IDEA, almost 2% of them are classified with hearing disabilities and that is not accounting for the others with comorbidity” (Walton 2014). Some people are born deaf whereas others acquire a hearing loss. There is no genetic disposition for being deaf although some disorders and diseases are associated with hearing loss. Hearing is characterized by degrees, types, and patterns of hearing loss. The variations in hearing loss mean no two people experience deafness the same way even if their hearing loss is the same.

Hearing loss is an invisible disability that affects people of any age group, from neonates to older adults.

Intellectual disability can be classified according to the level of severity and the clinical presentation. The severity classification encompasses 4 categories which are mild, moderate, severe and profound2. Clinical presentation

Development.A procees that takes nine months to create the people we see today.Sometimes while the developmental process is happening there is an issue that causes specific functions of the body not to work.These developmental issues are more common than not. Developmental issues vary with person.It can causes changes of skin,hair,limbs,and even organs.

A developmental delay is when a child does not reach developmental milestones within the range of what is considered normal. The delay might be in one or more areas such as communication/language (e.g. understanding language, talking), motor (e.g. walking, grasping/manipulating objects) or social skills (e.g. eye contact, playing with peers).