Data Analysis and Application (DAA)
This paper will examine a data analysis and application for an independent t test comparing the mean GPAs of a sample of male and female students. It will pose a research question that the data will set out to answer. It will provide a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, and will provide an analysis showing why the null hypothesis should be accepted or rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
Data File Description
For this independent t test, the mean GPAs of 64 females and 41 males were compared. The variables used are (1) gender, and (2) GPA. The predictor, or independent, variable is gender. And the outcome variable is GPA. Gender can only have two values, male or female; this
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Statistic df Sig. gpa .091 105 .033 .956 105 .001
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The p value is .001, which shows that the data is not normal. However, this test is more reliable with larger sample sizes. Therefore, if there was a larger sample size here, the results of this test may differ from above.
Assumption 2 of the t test is that there will be independence of observation. Here, a participant can only be a member of the male group or the female group; this cannot overlap and a person can only be assigned to one group. This will not be tested via a visual component, as this assumption is based on setting up the research correctly.
Assumption 3 is homogeneity of variance, that the variances of the outcome variable in both groups, the male group and the female group, will be equal. The Levene Test for Equality of Variances has a sig. value of .566. This number is higher than .05 and, therefore, implies that the variability of the two groups is about equal.
Based on the above, it appears that the assumptions have been met. Assumption 1, that the outcome variable will be normally distributed, is supported by visual interpretation of the histogram and the skewness and kurtosis calculations. The Shapiro-Wilk test, on the other hand, did not support the assumption. However, this could be due to sample size; the bigger the sample, the more accurate the results. This could shed some doubt on the research; to completely meet the assumption, a larger
So, we should reject the null hypothesis H0. At a 0.05 level of significance level, we conclude that there is a significant difference between the average height for females and the average height for the males.
Research Question #3: “Does a relationship exist between dual credit enrollment and English courses?” An Anova test was used to compare the GPA earned and college persistence. Table 4 represents the results which portrays no difference in the groups, (F
13 The classification of student major (accounting, economics, management, marketing, other) is an example of:
· Compare the measurements in the study with the standard normal distribution, what does this tell you about the data?
1. Are any of the lab values in Table 1 out of normal range? Do you see some that are too high or too
The null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the amount of coffee consumption and GPA (p = .62).
The two groups were independent since they were formed based on gender with no intent to match subjects on any variable. The men and women selected didn’t share any relationship or live in the same location.
The t-test is a parametric analysis technique used to determine significant differences between the scores obtained from two groups. The t-test uses the standard deviation to estimate the standard error of the sampling distribution and examines the differences between the means of the two groups. Since the t-test is considered fairly easy to calculate, researchers often use it in determining differences between two groups. When interpreting the results of t-tests, the larger the calculated t ratio, in absolute value, the greater the difference between the two groups. The significance of a t ratio can be determined by comparison with the critical values in a
Gender – whether there was a difference in performance between genders; used for comparison between male and female participants
The student data file was used as the data source. The sample size included one hundred men and one hundred women. Thirty-five out of one hundred men had not declared for a degree. Fifteen out of one hundred women had not declared for a degree. The level of
Then comparing the level of school years completed with the sex, female (N=69360) and male (N=67406), another significant relation was found t (136764) = 6.62 (0.15). The level of school years completed has a relationship with sex (see appendix F). Therefore, we reject the null hypotheses.
The next table shows the results of this independent t-test. At the .05 significance level, can we conclude
We conduct an independent sample t-test using Excel, and obtain the following output (see sheet T-TEST)
3. In testing the difference between the means of two independent populations, if neither population is normally distributed, then the sampling distribution of the
The null hypothesis would reflect as if there is no difference between both variables (Malec & Newman, 2013). The null hypothesis would indicate that there is no relationship between GPA and IQ. The alternative hypothesis would indicate another option, which is contrary to the null and may or may not be directional (Malec & Newman, 2013). The alternative hypothesis would be, that there is a relationship between GPA and IQ. This writer agrees with