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- The genotype of F1 individuals in a tetrahybrid cross isAaBbCcDd. Assuming independent assortment of these fourgenes, what are the probabilities that F2 offspring will have thefollowing genotypes?(a) aabbccdd(b) AaBbCcDd(c) AABBCCDDF1 hybrids between two species of cotton, Gossypium barbadenseand Gossypium hirsutum, are very vigorous plants. However, F1crosses produce many seeds that do not germinate and a high percentageof very weak F2 offspring. Suggest two reasons for theseobservations."The genotype of the organism producing the crossovergametes must be heterozygous at all loci underconsideration" Explain this statement ?
- This problem leads you through the derivation of acorrected equation for RF in yeast tetrad analysis thattakes into account double crossover (DCO) meioses. A yeast strain that cannot grow in the absence ofthe amino acid histidine (his−) is mated with a yeaststrain that cannot grow in the absence of the aminoacid lysine (lys−). Among the 400 unordered tetrads resulting from this mating, 233 were PD, 11 wereNPD, and 156 were T.a. What types of spores are in the PD, NPD, andT tetrads?b. Are the his and lys genes linked? How do you know? c. Using the simple equation RF = 100 × [NPD +(1/2)T]/total tetrads, calculate the distance in mapunits between the his and lys genes.d. If you think about all the kinds of meiotic eventsthat could occur (refer to Fig. 5.24), you can seethat the calculation you did in part (c) may substantially underestimate RF. What kinds of meioses(NCO, SCO, or DCO) generated each of the tetradtypes in this cross? e. What incorrect assumptions does the simple RFequation…. A plant of genotypea bA Bis testcrossed witha ba bIf the two loci are 10 m.u. apart, what proportion of progenywill be AB/ab?Suppose you use the semi-global Needleman-Wunsch algorithm to alignGAGATAGwithGACwhere match = 1, nonmatch = 0, gap = -1 When you do the backtracking, how many optimal paths will be found?
- During ascus formation in Neurospora, any ascosporewith a chromosomal deletion dies and appears whitein color. How many of the eight ascospores in theascus would be white if the octad came from a crossof a wild-type strain with a strain of the oppositemating type carrying:a. a paracentric inversion, and no crossovers occurredbetween normal and inverted chromosomes?b. a pericentric inversion, and a single crossoveroccurred in the inversion loop?c. a paracentric inversion, and a single crossoveroccurred outside the inversion loop?d. a reciprocal translocation, and an adjacent-1segregation occurred with no crossovers betweentranslocated chromosomes?e. a reciprocal translocation, and alternate segregationoccurred with no crossovers between translocatedchromosomes?f. a reciprocal translocation, and alternate segregation occurred with one crossover between translocated chromosomes (but not between thetranslocation breakpoint and the centromereof any chromosome)?. If you intercrossed F1 heterozygotes of the formA b / a B in mice, the phenotypic ratio among the F2progeny would vary with the map distance betweenthe two genes. Is there a simple way to estimate themap distance based on the frequencies of the F2phenotypes, assuming rates of recombination areequal in males and females? Could you estimatemap distances in the same way if the mouse F1heterozygotes were A B / a b?Can you explain the answers and the advanatges of the Lineweaver-Burk Graph vs. Michaelis-Menten?
- A pure-breeding strain of squash that produced diskshaped fruits (see the accompanying illustration) wascrossed with a pure-breeding strain having long fruits.The F1 had disk fruits, but the F2 showed a new phenotype, sphere, and was composed of the followingproportions:Longlong 32 sphere 178 disk 270Sphere DiskPropose an explanation for these results, and showthe genotypes of the P, F1, and F2 generations.Plsssss helpppp, What is the diploid and haploid number for the Tasmanian devil?The life cycle of the haploid fungus Ascobolus is similar tothat of Neurospora. A mutational treatment producedtwo mutant strains, 1 and 2, both of which when crossedwith wild type gave unordered tetrads, all of the followingtype (fawn is a light brown color; normally, crosses produce all black ascospores):spore pair 1 black spore pair 3 fawnspore pair 2 black spore pair 4 fawna. What does this result show? Explain.The two mutant strains were crossed. Most of the unordered tetrads were of the following type:spore pair 1 fawn spore pair 3 fawnspore pair 2 fawn spore pair 4 fawnb. What does this result suggest? Explain.When large numbers of unordered tetrads were screenedunder the microscope, some rare ones that containedblack spores were found. Four cases are shown here:Case A Case B Case C Case Dspore pair 1 black black black blackspore pair 2 black fawn black abortspore pair 3 fawn fawn abort fawnspore pair 4 fawn fawn abort fawn(Note: Ascospores with extra genetic material…