30. Northwest Atlantic Cod. Researchers M. Kroll et al. studied the influence of paternity on rates of mortality and development in eggs and larvae of Northwest Atlantic cod in the article, “Paternal Ef- fects on Early Life History Traits in Northwest Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua" (Journal of Applied Ichthyology, Vol. 29, Issue 3, pp. 623– 629). A sample of adult male Northwest Atlantic cod was collected in Nova Scotia, Canada. The following table gives the lengths, in cen- timeters (cm), of the cod sampled. 47.6 65.1 54.6 48.5 58.6 67.9 48.1 62.5 52.4 55.4 57.1 55.8
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- High levels of blood sugar are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. A levelhigher than normal is referred to as “impaired fasting glucose.” The article “Association ofLow-Moderate Arsenic Exposure and Arsenic Metabolism with Incident Diabetes andInsulin Resistance in the Strong Heart Family Study” (M. Grau-Perez, C. Kuo, et al.,Environmental Health Perspectives, 2017, online) reports a study in which 47 of 155 peoplewith impaired fasting glucose had type 2 diabetes. Consider this to be a simple randomsample. a) Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of people with impaired fasting glucose who have type 2 diabetes. b) Find a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of people with impaired fasting glucose who have type 2 diabetes. c) A doctor claims that less than 35% of people with impaired fasting glucose have type 2 diabetes. With what level of confidence can this claim be made?Colonoscopy is a medical procedure that is designed to find and remove precancerous lesions in the colon before they become cancerous. The article “Association of Colonoscopy and Death from Colorectal Cancer” (N. Baxter, M. Goldwasser, et al., Annals of Internal Medicine, 2009:1–8) reports that in a sample of 10,292 people diagnosed with colorectal cancer, 7.0% had previously had a colonoscopy, and in a sample of 51,460 people without colorectal cancer, 9.8% had previously had a colonoscopy. Can you conclude that the percentage of people who have had colonoscopies is greater in those without colorectal cancer?2.Researchers studied selenium levels in beef raised in a low selenium region of the United States. The goal of the study was to compare selenium levels in the region-raised beef to selenium levels in cooked venison, squirrel, and beef from other regions of the United States. The data in the Excel file (se_level.xlsx or se_level.txt) are the selenium levels calculated on a dry weight basis in mg=100 g for a sample of 53 region-raised cattle 11.23 29.63 20.42 10.12 39.91 32.66 38.38 36.21 16.39 27.44 17.29 56.20 28.94 20.11 25.35 21.77 31.62 32.63 30.31 46.16 56.61 24.47 29.39 40.71 18.52 27.80 19.49 15.82 27.74 22.35 34.78 35.09 32.60 37.03 27.00 44.20 13.09 33.03 9.69 32.45 37.38 34.91 27.99 22.36 22.68 26.52 46.01 38.04 30.88 30.04 25.91 18.54 25.51 Please answer the following questions: Use these data to construct: A…
- 2.Researchers studied selenium levels in beef raised in a low selenium region of the United States. The goal of the study was to compare selenium levels in the region-raised beef to selenium levels in cooked venison, squirrel, and beef from other regions of the United States. The data in the Excel file (se_level.xlsx or se_level.txt) are the selenium levels calculated on a dry weight basis in mg=100 g for a sample of 53 region-raised cattle 11.23 29.63 20.42 10.12 39.91 32.66 38.38 36.21 16.39 27.44 17.29 56.20 28.94 20.11 25.35 21.77 31.62 32.63 30.31 46.16 56.61 24.47 29.39 40.71 18.52 27.80 19.49 15.82 27.74 22.35 34.78 35.09 32.60 37.03 27.00 44.20 13.09 33.03 9.69 32.45 37.38 34.91 27.99 22.36 22.68 26.52 46.01 38.04 30.88 30.04 25.91 18.54 25.51 Please answer the following questions: Describe these data with…Leisure Activities and Dementia. An article appearing in the Los Angeles Times discussed the study “Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia in the Elderly” (New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 348) by J.Verghese et al. The article in the Times, titled “Crosswords Reduce Risk of Dementia,” contained the following statement: “Elderly people who frequently read, do crossword puzzles, practice a musical instrument or play board games cut their risk of Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia by nearly two-thirds compared with people who seldom do such activities.” Comment on thestatement in quotes, keeping in mind the type of study for which causation can be reasonably inferred.NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…
- NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…NCI Cancer Bulletin, December 2, 2008 Volume 5 / Number 24 Title of the article: After Menopause, Weight Affects Breast Cancer Rates More than Mammography Use Women who are overweight or obese after menopause face an increased risk of breast cancer, but a large prospective cohort study indicates that the frequency of mammography use and screening accuracy are not the primary explanations for higher rates of breast cancer in these women. The same is true of large, invasive breast cancer tumors and advanced stage disease; risk increases with weight, but higher rates are not explained by the frequency or accuracy of screening mammography before breast cancer was diagnosed. The study appears in the December 3 Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Dr. Karla Kerlikowske of the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and colleagues gathered data on 287,115 postmenopausal women who were registered in the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium database. Reflecting a trend in the…
- The article “Effects of Short-Term Warming on Low andHigh Latitude Forest Ant Communities” (Ecoshpere,May 2011, Article 62) described an experiment in which observations on various characteristics were made usingminichambers of three different types: (1) cooler (PVCframes covered with shade cloth), (2) control (PVC framesonly), and (3) warmer (PVC frames covered with plastic).One of the article’s authors kindly supplied the accompanyingdata on the difference between air and soil temperatures(°C).Cooler Control Warmer1.59 1.92 2.571.43 2.00 2.601.88 2.19 1.931.26 1.12 1.581.91 1.78 2.301.86 1.84 0.841.90 2.45 2.651.57 2.03 0.121.79 1.52 2.741.72 0.53 2.532.41 1.90 2.132.34 2.860.83 2.311.34 1.911.76a. Compare measures of center for the three differentsamples.b. Calculate, interpret, and compare the standard deviationsfor the three different samples.c. Do the fourth spreads for the three samples conveythe same message as do the standard deviationsabout relative variability?d. Construct a…10.50 Recess and Wasted Food. E. Bergman et al. conducted a study to determine, among other things, the impact that scheduling recess before or after the lunch period has on wasted food for students in grades three through five. Results were published in the online article “The Relationship of Meal and Recess Schedules to Plate Waste in Elementary Schools” (Journal of Child Nutrition and Management, Vol. 28, Issue 2). Summary statistics for the amount of food wasted, in grams, by randomly selected students are presented in the following table. Lunch before recess Lunch after recess ¯ x1 = 223.1 ¯ x2 = 156.6 s1 = 122.9 s2 = 108.1 n1 = 889 n2 = 1119 At the 1% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that, in grades three through five, the mean amount of food wasted for lunches before recess exceeds that for lunches after recess?We are interested in analysing the effect of the lockout laws introduced in some areas of the Sydney CBD and nearby surrounds on the number of alcohol-related violent incidents. Suppose we have two samples of data on the number of violent incidents in a number of local areas of the Sydney CBD and nearby surrounds. Pubs, hotels and clubs located in a subset of these areas became subject to the lockout laws when they were introduced in 2014. The first sample is from 2010 before the introduction of the lockout laws, and the second is from 2015 after the introduction of the law. The hypothesis we wish to test is that the introduction of the lockout laws reduces violent incidents in the areas in which the lockout laws were put in place. We use a difference-in-difference model on the pooled data from 2010 and 2015. We find the following results: viol_inc hat = 33.21 (5.29) + 12.43lockout (7.01) – 4.19Yr2015 (2.98) – 3.32 (lockout x Yr2015) (1.85) N = 181, R^2 = 0.128 Where: viol_incis the…