(a) (b) (c) The figure shown below is the mechanism of a DNA nuclease. The DNA molecule is in blue while the protein residues are in black (M1 and M2 are metal ions, they are irrelevant to this question). 3 Base reaction. M² 3' Glu 357 M¹ Draw the structure of the final DNA product for this reaction. Draw a square around the nucleophile and draw a circle around the leaving group in this Does this depict the reaction of an endonuclease or an exonuclease?
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- In a DNA Double helix ,why doesn't an A or T form two hydrogen bonds(out of the three possible) with G or C? Explain in detail.When DNA is heated, it denatures; that is, the strands separate because hydrogen bonds are broken and some base-stacking and hydrophobic interactions are disrupted. The higher the temperature, the larger the number of hydrogen bonds that are broken. After reviewing DNA base pair structure, determine which of the following molecules will denature first as the temperature is raised. Explain your reasoning. a. 5′-GCATTTCGGCGCGTTA-3′ 3′-CGTAAAGCCGCGCAAT-5′ b. 5′-ATTGCGCTTATATGCT-3′ 3′-TAACGCGAATATACGA-5′The complementary strands of DNA in the double helixare held together by hydrogen bonds: G ≡ C or A = T.These bonds can be broken (denatured) in aqueous solutions by heating to yield two single strands of DNA(see Figure 1-13a). How would you expect the relativeamounts of GC versus AT base pairs in a DNA doublehelix to affect the amount of heat required to denatureit? How would you expect the length of a DNA doublehelix in base pairs to affect the amount of heat requiredto denature it?
- You add 1 ul of EcoRI into 50 ul of your reaction of which contains 10 ug of DNA. How long would it take to completely digest the DNA?The base composition of one of the DNA chains of a DNA double helix contains 18 mol-%A, 35 mol-%T, 26 mol-%C, and 21 mol-%G (a) What is the base composition of the complementary DNA chain? (b) Is the total amount of purine bases equal to the total amount of pyrimidine bases for the DNA double helix?Draw the structure of deoxyribose and number the carbon atoms.Describe the numbering of the carbon atoms in deoxyribose withregard to the directionality of a DNA strand. In a DNA doublehelix, what does the term antiparallel mean?
- The backbone of the DNA molecule is made up of two alternating componebts, what are these? Explain.The two strands of a DNA double helix can be separated by heating. If you raise the temperature of a solution containing the three DNA molecules below, in what order do you think these DNAs will "melt"? Explain 1)5’-GCGGGCCAGCCCGAGTGGGTAGCCCAGG-3’ 3’-CGCCCGGTCGGGCTCACCCATCGGGTCC-5’ 2) 5’-ATTATAAAATATTTAGATACTATATTTACAA-3’ 3’-TAATATTTTATAAATCTATGATATAAATGTT-5’ 3) 5’-AGAGCTAGATCGAT-3’ 3’-TCTCGATCTAGCTA-5’DNA solution is viscous because of the nature of chemical substance that can intercalate into the DNA helix. An example of such substance is acridine orange. experiments revealed that acridine orange causes an increase in the viscosity of DNA solution.how would you account for this effect?
- Which conformation of DNA – (i) totally double helix, (ii) minimally unwound or (iii) largely unwound – would have the highest relative absorbance at 260 nm. Would a molecule of DNA having a higher content of guanine and cytosine than of adenine and thymine have a higher or lower melting temperature (Tm) than one with the reverse composition?Moira, a biochemistry major, wanted to explore the shapes a single-stranded DNA molecule can take. She sketched the two shapes below. Her professor was impressed with Moira’s imagination and artistic ability, but she informed Moira that only one of her sketches was feasible. In the sketches, the lines indicate complementary base pairing. (d) Would a new double-stranded molecule assume the shape similar to one in the drawing? (e) Why or why not?The two sides of the DNA double helix are connected by pairs of bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine). Because of the geometric shape of these molecules, adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine. The figure (Figure 1) shows the thymine-adenine bond. Each charge shown is ±e, and the H−N distance is 0.110 nm . Calculate the net force that thymine exerts on adenine. To keep the calculations fairly simple, yet reasonable, consider only the forces due to the O−H−N and the N−H−N combinations, assuming that these two combinations are parallel to each other. Remember, however, that in the O−H−N set, the O− exerts a force on both the H+ and the N−, and likewise along the N−H−N set. Express your answer in newtons. Is the net force attractive or repulsive?