A group of researchers carried out a survey of household expenditure for an average family and the data are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Commodity 2016 2017 Quantity 105 18 Price Quantity 100 Price Rice (kg) Bread (loaf) Сосоа рowder (kg) Milk (liter) Sugar (kg) 7.30 8.60 3.02 16 3.10 10.26 25 7.83 33 6.10 56 11 6.55 78 15 2.85 2.95 Compute the Average Price Relative (APR) index for 2016 and 2017, using 2016 as the base year. (i) (ii) Calculate Paasche Price Index for 2017 (year 2016 = 100). Interpret the answer. Calculate Laspeyres Price Index for 2017 (year 2016 = 100). Interpret the answer. (iii) (iv) Calculate the Fisher's Price index.
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- An epidemiologic survey of roller-skating injuries in Metroville, a city with a population of 100,000 (during the midpoint of the year), produced the following data for a particular year:The crude death rate for all causes was:A researcher collects data from a sample of children with Crohn's disease and then compares that data to data collected from a sample of children without the disease. What type of study design is the researcher using for this study? Cohort Cross-sectional Quasi-experimental Case-ControlCadmium, a heavy metal, is toxic to animals. Mushrooms, however, are able to absorb and accumulate cadmium at high concentrations. The Czech and Slovak governments have set a safety limit for cadmium in dry vegetables at 0.5 part per million (ppm). M. Melgar et al. measured the cadmium levels in a random sample of the edible mushroom Boletus pinicola and published the results in the paper “Influence of Some Factors in Toxicity and Accumulation of Cd from Edible Wild Macrofungi in NW Spain” (Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Vol. B33(4), pp. 439–455). A hypothesis test is to be performed to decide whether the mean cadmium level in Boletus pinicola mushrooms is greater than the government’s recommended limit. Hypothesis tests are proposed. For each hypothesis test,a. determine the null hypothesis.b. determine the alternative hypothesis.c. classify the hypothesis test as two tailed, left tailed, or right tailed.
- The following table displays descriptive statistics on the participants involved in a clinical trial that evaluates a new compound designed to improve wound healing in trauma patients. The new compound is compared against a placebo. Are any of the characteristics significantly different between groups? Characteristic New Compound Placebo p-value Mean age (years) 45.2 43.1 0.7564 Men (%) 45% 58% 0.215 Mean educational level (years) 12.1 13.2 0.6898 Mean annual income $36,560 $37,470 0.3546 Mean body mass index (BMI) 24.7 25.1 0.0051 Group of answer choices Mean age and Mean educational level Mean annual income Mean body mass index Mean body mass index and Mean ageA community-based intervention program for hypertension was undertaken in two communities to compare the effect of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions for mild to moderate hypertension. A baseline survey was conducted which yielded the following results: 1. What measure of disease frequency may be computed from baseline surveys such as this? 2. What is this measure equal to in each community?The article “Improved Bioequivalence Assessment of Topical Dermatological Drug Products Using Dermatopharmacokinetics” (B. N’Dri-Stempfer, W. Navidi, et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 2009:316–328) describes a study in which a new type of ointment was applied to forearms of volunteers to study the rates of absorption into the skin. Eight locations on the forearm were designated for ointment application. The new ointment was applied to four locations, and a control was applied to the other four. How many different choices were there for the four locations to apply the new ointment?
- Suppose the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) wants to examine the safety of compact cars, midsize cars, and full-size cars. It collects a sample of three for each of the treatments (cars types). Using the hypothetical data provided below, test whether the mean pressure applied to the driver’s head during a crash test is equal for each types of car. Use α = 5%. Compact cars Midsize cars Full-size cars 643 469 484 655 427 456 702 525 402 Mean 666.67 473.67 447.33 Standard deviation 31.18 49.17 41.68In an investigation of possible brain damage due to alcoholism, an x-ray procedure known as a computer assisted tomography (CAT) scan was used to measure brain densities in 8 chronic alcoholics. For each alcoholic, a nonalcoholic control was selected who matched the alcoholic on age, sex, race, height, and other factors. The brain density measurements on the alcoholics and the matched controls are recorded below. Assume normally distributed data here. Use an appropriate test to determine whether there is evidence of diminished brain density due to chronic alcoholism.Tardigrades, or water bears, are a type of micro-animal famous for their resilience. In examining the effects of radiation on organisms, an expert claimed that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades no longer has a mean of 900 Gy (grays). (For comparison, humans cannot withstand more than 10 Gy .) A study was conducted on a sample of 27 randomly selected tardigrade colonies, finding that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony had a sample mean of 907 Gy , with a sample standard deviation of 17 Gy . Assume that the population of amounts of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades is approximately normally distributed. Complete the parts below to perform a hypothesis test to see if there is enough evidence, at the 0.05 level of significance, to support the claim that μ , the mean amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades, is not equal to 900…
- Tardigrades, or water bears, are a type of micro-animal famous for their resilience. In examining the effects of radiation on organisms, an expert claimed that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades no longer has a mean of 900 Gy (grays). (For comparison, humans cannot withstand more than 10 Gy .) A study was conducted on a sample of 27 randomly selected tardigrade colonies, finding that the amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony had a sample mean of 907 Gy , with a sample standard deviation of 17 Gy . Assume that the population of amounts of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades is approximately normally distributed. Complete the parts below to perform a hypothesis test to see if there is enough evidence, at the 0.05 level of significance, to support the claim that μ , the mean amount of gamma radiation needed to sterilize a colony of tardigrades, is not equal to 900…. The number of nonconformities found on final inspection of a tape deck is shown in below table. Can you conclude that the process is in statistical control? What center line and control limits would you recommend for controlling future production? Deck Number of Deck Number of Number Nonconformities | Number Nonconformities 2412 0 2421 1 2413 1 2422 0 2414 1 2423 3 2415 0 2424 2 2416 2 2425 5 2417 1 2426 1 2418 1 2427 2 2419 3 2428 1 2420 2 2429 1 . Consider the data in Question 7. Suppose we wish to define a new inspection unit of four tape decks. ‘What are the center line and control limits for a control chart for monitoring future production based on the total number of defects in the new inspection unit?Rosner analyzed data from children who lived near a lead smelter (which is a facility that uses extreme heat to extract the metal lead from lead ore) in El Paso, Texas, and reported that out of 124 children studied, 23 developed colic (which is a pattern of fussiness and crying for no apparent reason). Suppose that in the state of Taxes in general at the time (early 1980s), the rate of colic in children was 16.0%. Follow the steps for testing whether the proportion of children developing clico was significantly different for the 124 children living near the lead smelter than for Taxes children in general (16%). Use alpha level of 0.03 a. Identify the null hypothesis for this statistical test. b. Identify the alternative hypotheses for this statistical test. c. Explain: Why should this be a two-tailed test, the way I have described it? d. calculate the sample proportion p̂, rounded to three decimal places. e. Calculate the appropriate test statistic, show all work. f. Based on…