A mutated cell was designed to only utlize fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and excrete fumarate as the final product of a broken Kreb's cycle. How many ATP is produced by this mutant cell per mole of fructose-1,6-bisphoshate given that the available shuttle system is the malate-aspartate shuttle?
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- Figure 27.3 illustrates the response of R (ATP-regenerating) and U (ATP-utilizing) enzymes to energy charge. a. Would hexokinase be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? Would glutamine: PRPP amidotransferase, the second enzyme in purine biosynthesis, be an R enzyme or a U enzyme? b. If energy charge = 0.5: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low? c. If energy charge = 0.95: Is the activity of hexokinase high or low? Is ribose-5-P pyrophosphokinase activity high or low?The malate–aspartate shuttle yields about2.5 moles of ATP for each mole of cytosolic NADH. Why doesnature use the glycerol–phosphate shuttle, which yields only about1.5 moles of ATP?Under standard conditions, is the oxidation of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q) by O2 sufficiently exergonic to drive the synthesis of ATP? If yes, how many ATP can be synthesized assuming 100% efficiency?
- Glucose is converted to pyruvate in glycolysis, yielding a netsynthesis of 2 ATP. In certain cells pyruvate can be reconverted to glucose during gluconeogenesis. How many ATPsare required to convert pyruvate back to glucose?How many ATP molecules are generated from one complete metabolism of one molecule of maltose assuming all electrons of cytosolic NADH are transferred through the dihydroxyacetone phosphate/glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle?How many protons are shuttled from the matrix to the intermembrane space by the products of the Kreb's Cycle as one molecule of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate are converted to one molecule of fumarate?
- The conversion of 1 mol of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to 2 mol of pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway results in what type of net formation?If 12 molecules of glucose enter the glycolytic pathway, how many ATP molecules can be generated in the electron transport chain from the NAH produced in the pathway assuming that there are 10 c subunits in the Fo complex of the organism?The pyruvate →lactate reaction in animals is reversible, but the pyruvate → ethanol fermentation in yeast is irreversible. Explain.
- How many total moles of ATP are created in a cell with an ATP synthase with 8 c subunits for every 28 moles of glucose that is completely oxidized in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? Assume that NADH is transported by the malate aspartate shuttle.Step 4 of the pentose phosphate pathway converts ribulose-5-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate. Which glycolytic reaction does this reaction resemble and what type of enzyme catalyzes it?How many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete metabolism of 2.12g of triacylglycerol containing two stearic acid chains and one palmitic acid chain? Assume that all electrons of cytosolic NADH are transferred through the dihydroxyacetone phosphate/glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle