According to the trade-off theory of capital structure which of the following statements is true (only one is): (a) The optimal capital structure is such that the marginal tax benefits from debt are equal to the marginal costs of bankruptcy. (b) There is no optimal capital structure. (c) More debt is always better as it increases tax shields. (d) More debt is always worse as it increases bankruptcy costs. (e) Retained earnings are the best financing method.

According to the trade-off theory of capital structure which of the following statements is true (only one is): (a) The optimal capital structure is such that the marginal tax benefits from debt are equal to the marginal costs of bankruptcy. (b) There is no optimal capital structure. (c) More debt is always better as it increases tax shields. (d) More debt is always worse as it increases bankruptcy costs. (e) Retained earnings are the best financing method.

Financial Reporting, Financial Statement Analysis and Valuation

8th Edition

ISBN:9781285190907

Author:James M. Wahlen, Stephen P. Baginski, Mark Bradshaw

Publisher:James M. Wahlen, Stephen P. Baginski, Mark Bradshaw

Chapter11: Risk-adjusted Expected Rates Of Return And The Dividends Valuation Approach

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6QE

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According to Modigliani and Miller Proposition II: A. WACC curve is flat and hence no optimal capital structure exists B. WACC curve is upward slopping , indicating the equity financing exclusively being the optimal capital structure of a company C. WACC curve is downward slopping, hence the perfect capital structure is 100% debt D. An optimal capital structure exists as it is the balance between the tax benefit and the bankruptcy costs
Under Modigliani and Miller's assumption of perfect capital markets, which of the following is NOT CORRECT? A) The proper WACC equation under perfect capital markets is the "pre-tax" WACC B) Taxes are irrelevant C) Reducing the debt ratio can cause the cost of debt and the cost of equity to decline, even as the WACC stays the same. D) The WACC does not change as the weights of debt and equity change E) Bankruptcy costs reduce the amount bondholders receive when bankruptcy occurs
Which of the following is most correct about the cost of capital? The cost of debt reflects the interest rates on debt capital before taking into account the tax effects. Cost of capital is affected by the required rates of return of each of the source of capital, regardless of the capital structure. The capital asset pricing model is the most widely used model to estimate the cost of common equity. To minimize the cost of capital, firms should borrow more than their capacity because increasing the lower cost of debt yields the lowest cost of capital, thus, enhances shareholder value.
Which of the following statements is correct? a. As Modigliani and Miller made clear in their original work, capital structure does not matter in perfect capital markets. Thus, if capital structure does matter, then it must stem from a market imperfection. b. Because corporations pay taxes on their profits after interest payments are deducted, interest expenses increase the amount of corporate tax firms must pay. c. To determine the loss due the leverage for the value of the firm, we must compute the present value of the stream of future interest tax shields the firm will receive minus the stream of future dividends. d. By increasing the amount paid to debt holders through interest payments, the amount of the pre-tax cash flows that must be paid as taxes increases. e. In general, the gain to lenders from the tax deductibility of interest payments is referred to as the interest tax benefit.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Group of answer choices Since debt capital can cause a company to go bankrupt but equity capital cannot, debt is riskier than equity, and thus the after-tax cost of debt is always greater than the cost of equity. The tax-adjusted cost of debt is always greater than the interest rate on debt, provided the company does in fact pay taxes. If a company assigns the same cost of capital to all of its projects regardless of each project’s risk, then the company is likely to reject some safe projects that it actually should accept and to accept some risky projects that it should reject. Because no flotation costs are required to obtain capital as retained earnings, the cost of retained earnings is generally lower than the after-tax cost of debt. Higher flotation costs tend to reduce the cost of equity capital.
The MM irrelevance capital structure theory proved that a firm’s value is unaffected by its capital structure.But their study was based on all of the following strong assumptions excluding: a. There are no brokerage costs. b. There are no corporate taxes and personal taxes. c. There are bankruptcy costs and agency costs. d. There is no asymmetric information problem, and all investors can borrow at the same rate as corporations.
If we drop the assumption that there are no information and transaction costs, in addition to dropping the no-tax assumption, then the Modigliani and Miller model suggests: Companies will not always increase their use of debt. Capital structure has no impact on companies’ value Capital structure has impact on companies’ cost of capital Companies will always increase their use of debt.
The Nobel Prize-winning Modigliani & Miller Theory states that a firm’s capital structure does not matter. It is based on three key assumptions: No income taxes Equal borrowing cost- individuals can borrow at the same interest rate as corporations. Perfect markets: There are no bankruptcy, transaction, contracting, or agency costs. Are these assumptions reasonable? What are the implications if the assumptions do not hold?
If the present value of a firm’s marginal financial distress costs are less than the present value of its marginal tax shield, the company Select one: a. has too much debt in its capital structure b. should increase the amount of debt in its capital structure c. has an optimal capital structure d. should increase the amount of equity in its capital structure e. none of the above
There are advantages and disadvantages of debt financing in contrast to equity financing. Which of the following is less likely to represent an advantage of debt financing? a. The cost of debt should be lower than the cost of equity for most companies due to the lower risk to the lender and the tax deductibility of interest b. The repayment of debt capital may affect the liquidity of the company c. If the return on assets exceeds the cost of debt, then this will result in a higher return on shareholders’ funds as compared to the return on assets d. The increase in borrowings will not normally affect the voting control of the current shareholders as compared to the issue of shares e. Fixed interest rate loans will result in the variability in the market value of such loans over time which will normally be less than the variability in the value of the equity of the company
Which of the following statements is FALSE? As debt increases, the risk associated with bankruptcy and agency costs is reduced. Debt is often the least costly form of financing for a firm. Firms should probably use some debt in their capital structure. Different firms are subject to different levels of risk.
Which of the following statements is CORRECT? a. WACC calculations should be based on the before-tax costs of all the individual capital components. b. Flotation costs associated with issuing new common stock normally reduce the WACC. c. An increase in the risk-free rate will normally lower the marginal costs of both debt and equity financing. d. A change in a company's target capital structure cannot affect its WACC. e. If a company's tax rate increases, then, all else equal, its weighted average cost of capital will decline.