Briefly describe how the cyclin D-cdk4/6 and cyclin E-cdk2 complexes regulate Retinoblastoma protein (pRb) functions?

Q: Explain how CDK activity is modulated by the following proteins: (a) cyclin, (b) CAK, (c) Wee1, (d)…

A: 4The cell cycle is a sequential process of cell growth, genomic replication, and nuclear and…

Q: What inhibit CDK activity by bindingdirectly to the cyclin-CDK complex.

A: A cyclin-dependent kinase complex or CDKC or cyclin-CDK is formed by the interaction of a regulatory…

Q: When Ras is activated, cells will divide. A dominant-negative form of Ras clings too tightly to GDP.…

A: The activation of Ras takes place along the guanine nucleotide exchange which by releasing the bound…

Q: Describe the roles of p53 and NFAT and their nuclear import. How does the phosphorylation regulate…

A: Introduction :- A family of transcription factors known as nuclear factor of activated T cells…

Q: Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKS) .. O a) often mediate pathways involving cell growth and…

A: RTKs are the membrane-bound receptors present in the cells. The role of RTK is phosphorylating the…

Q: How is information in the Mc1R gene used in a melanocyte to produce the melanocortin receptor (Mc1R)…

A: Melanocytes are the specialized cells that help to produce melanin pigment. Melanin pigment gives…

Q: What is cyclin-CDK complexes

A: Cell cycle regulation is important without cues to grow or to stop growing. Cells would either…

Q: Why doesn't Cdk1 active immediately upon binding to cyclin B? What other components of the cell’s…

A: It includes cell division, replication and growth. All these processes should be carried out in a…

Q: Which compound is a cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor?

A: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) are enzymes involved in cell…

Q: 16b) Suppose you have a cell in which the Iron Response Factor (IRF) protein is mutated so that it…

A: Iron is a trace element in our body, which is very important to produce hemoglobin which carries…

Q: Members of a family are affected by a hereditary inflammatory and immunodeficiency disease. The…

A: Co-dominance:Co dominance is when the both genetypic alleles are seen in phenotype. Dominant…

Q: Briefly discuss somatic hypermutation. What is the function of SH? What does SH result in? Name the…

A: Introduction:- The majority of antibodies that express germ-line sequences have a poor affinity.…

Q: Briefly describe the following properties of the Ras GTPases: a) Size, structure and cellular…

A: a) Mature ras protein are located on the inner side of the plasma membrane, and their biochemical…

Q: Outline an experimental approach to measure Amyloid Beta that microglia produces in vitro. What are…

A: The aggregation of Amyloid beta peptides and its progression is regarded as the primary cause…

Q: Define Structural models of human CDK2.

A: Enzymes are biological catalysts that help in catalyzing or speeding up biological reactions by…

Q: in a fat cell what is the result of activation of genes by PPAR gamma/activator proteins binding?…

A: Peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor(PPAR) gamma is a  nuclear receptor of subfamily 1,group…

Q: APC is a ubiquitin ligase activated by M-cyclin Cdk What is the function of APC when bound to…

A: An integral regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans is the cell…

Q: How does constitutively active Ras promote cancer?

A: In physiology carcinogenesis is known as the production of cancerous cells or tumor cells by…

Q: GAP protien mutation from Arg 789 to alanine constituvely activate the MAPK pathway by preventing…

A: Cell growth and cell division are essential for the development of an organism. A cell before any…

Q: Define Explain the role of CDK inhibitors. If cyclin-CDK com-plexes are necessary to allow regulated…

A: The cell cycle is an important process occurring in a living cell which is consists of four main…

Q: Explain how expression of a dominant-negative mutant of JAK blocks the erythropoietin (Epo)-cytokine…

A: Cytokine receptors include the receptor proteins for cytokines and some hormones.

Q: How is the Mc1R gene synthesized from chromosomes and how does it produce itself into a melanocortin…

A: A DNA molecule comprises functional units called genes. Each gene provides instructions for a…

Q: Cadherins are known to mediate homophilic interactions between cells. What is a homophilic…

A: Cadherins are types of cell adhesion molecules (CAM) these are important in the formation of adheren…

Q: Explain the use of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases(CDKs) ?

A: Cyclins are cellular elements that drive or regulate the events of the cell cycle by combining with…

Q: How is the signal generated by binding of TGF-β to cell-surface receptors transmitted to the…

A: TGF-β is a cytokine of the transforming growth factor family of signaling molecules with multiple…

Q: There is now significant evidence to support the existence of cytoneme-mediated delivery of…

A: Cytoneme: it is signalling filopodia that provide conduit for spatial distribution of morphogen.…

Q: Remember that DNA viruses inactivate tumor suppressor genes resulting in cancer. In Burkitt’s…

A: Translocation of c-myc occurs to one of the immunoglobulin foci. This leads to over expression of…

Q: Suggest a mechanism by which ARF leads to p53 build-up.

A: p53 protein gets activated when there is a damage in  DNA sequence which can be induced by any other…

Q: The destruction of the various cyclins is commonly used to inactivate the Cdk/cyclin complexes. Why…

A: Cancer or tumor growth occurs when the cell cycle regulation mechanisms fail to stop the division of…

Q: Comment on the difference in expression patterns between APETALA1 and CYCLIN1. How do the…

A: The genes are responsible for the expression of characters. There are two types of characters:…

Q: Aberrant signaling through the Ras-BRaf-MAPK signal transduction pathway drives many cancers. This…

A: Ras-BRaf-MAPK signal transduction pathway is well characterized pathway and known to transduce…

Q: How does the activity of human p53 get regulated through the interaction of the transactivation…

A: p53 is basically a transcription factor that helps in suppressing the growth of the tumor. This…

Q: What is the relationship between cyclin and CDK?

A: Cell cycle is regulated by series of protein complexes. These are composed of two sub units: Cyclins…

Q: What are the two main functions of the APC / cyclosome complex? Describe in detail.

A: The process by which a parent cell divides and forms two daughter cells is referred to as cell…

Q: Describe and connect five different outcomes that could occur due to the loss of FMRP function in…

A: The FMRP protein is made using instructions from the FMR1 gene. The brain, testes, and ovaries are…

Q: 1.Describe in detail the signal transduction pathway that leads to activation of either PKA, Kinase…

A: Signal transduction is the process by which a  signal is transmitted that could be physical or…

Q: Changes in the activity of a variety of Cdks are essential for accurate progression through the cell…

A: A series of events which takes place in a cell due to which it divides and forms two daughter cells…

Q: A mutation in the Ras protein renders Ras constitutively active (RasD). What is constitutive…

A: The Ras protein can be referred to as tiny G protein that requires phosphorylation of guanosine…

Q: Describe, in details, how acetylcholine signal molecule can trigger gene transcription via GPCR and…

A: Acetylcholine : It is the chief neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system , the part of…

Q: Using M cyclin-Cdk as a specific model describe the different ways it can be activated or…

A: The mitotic (M) phase comprises of mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the process of cell division…

Q: Consider the example that actin mRNA localization is important for fibroblast migration. What would…

A: it is required for cell proliferation.

Q: Describe at least two Cdk regulation check points during the cell cycle, Describe how that Step is…

A: cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A cell spends…

Q: When the gene encoding a certain cellular kinase is deleted, the resulting mutant cells arrest in…

A: Answers : fusion protein are the proteins which are synthesized in the laboratory for the…

Q: hat are cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases for? Describe how do these factors affect cell…

A: A cell is a basic membrane-bound unit that is frequently referred to as the basic building blocks of…

Q: How do mitochondrial proteins interact with IAPs to prevent inhibition of apoptosis?

A: Multicellular organisms experience apoptosis, which is a type of programmed cell death. Cell death…

Q: When challenged with a low oxygen environment, knownas hypoxia, the body produces a hormone called…

A: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is wrapped around proteins (known as histones) to form a structure known…

Q: How do RER and SER differ from one another in terms of structure and function? List the processes in…

A: A cell is the basic key of life that is capable of performing all the functions of life and also…

Q: Describe the common signal transduction event that is perturbed by cancer-promoting mutations in the…

A: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that runs in families. Peripheral…

Q: Explain the role of CDK inhibitors. If cyclin-CDK complexes are necessary to allow regulated…

A: Cyclin-structured kinases (CDKs) were considered promising drug targets for some years, however,…

Q: I just read an abstract of the paper “Disulfide bond-disrupting agents activate the tumor necrosis…

A: The TNF or Tumour Necrosis Factor receptors are Cysteine Rich Domain (CRD) containing Receptors. It…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.