GAP protien mutation from Arg 789 to alanine constituvely activate the MAPK pathway by preventing GTPase activity of RAS protein. Is this affecting G2 check point cell cycle? If then, how?
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- why are Rb ans other negatively protiens that regulate the cell cycle called tumar supressors?In addition, when ARF is artificially expressed in normal cells, a rapid increase in p53 levels is observed. Studies have demonstrated that ARF, when expressed, is associated with Mdm2. When associated, the two proteins display a particular pattern of localization restricted to the nucleolus. Suggest a mechanism by which ARF leads to p53 build-up.What is the effect of having fluctuating cyclin levels throughout the cell cycle, while the levels of its corresponding cyclin dependent kinase stay relatively constant? Explain.
- The expression of this inhibitor of G2 to M Phase of the cell cycle progression will be significantly upregulated in a muscle cell that has had a drastic drop in insulin stimulation due to glucose and amino acids withdrawal; Group of answer choices ARF CiP/KiP-p21 CiP/KiP-p27 p57a. A typical cellular response of a mammary epithelial cell to EGF signal is proliferation. the Kd for the interaction between EGF and its receptor is 1x10^-10 M. Lets imagine that at least 25% of the receptors on a normal cell must be engaged by EGD in order to trigger the cellular proliferation response. What minimum concentration of EGF is required to reduce cell proliferation? (Show calculation). b. Mammary epithelial cancer cells have amplified levels of EGF receptors on their surface. If such a cell has 1000 EGF receptors, as compared to 200 receptors on a normal cell, what minimum concentration of EGF is required to induce cell proliferation in the cancer cell? [Show calculation]. Note that the same number of receptors (not percentage of receptors) must be activated to promote proliferation in normal cells and cancer cell. c. The ambient (unstimulated) concentration of EGF in mammary epithelial tissue is 1x10^-11 M. Will this level of EGF stimulate proliferation in normal…The Wnt planar polarity signaling pathway nor-mally ensures that each wing cell in Drosophila has a sin-gle hair. Overexpression of the Frizzled gene from a heat-shock promoter (hs-Fz) causes multiple hairs to grow frommany cells (Figure Q15–5A). This phenotype is suppressedif hs-Fz is combined with a heterozygous deletion (DshΔ)of the Dishevelled gene (Figure Q15–5B). Do these resultsallow you to order the action of Frizzled and Dishevelledin the signaling pathway? If so, what is the order? Explainyour reasoning
- The p53 protein regulates the expression of BAX and Bcl2 to keep division at normal rate. Explain how is this achieved?The yeast cohesin subunit Scc1, which is essen-tial for sister-chromatid cohesion, can be artificiallyregulated for expression at any point in the cell cycle. Ifexpression is turned on at the beginning of S phase, all thecells divide satisfactorily and survive. By contrast, if Scc1expression is turned on only after S phase is completed,the cells fail to divide and they die, even though Scc1accumulates in the nucleus and interacts efficiently withchromosomes. Why do you suppose that cohesin mustbe present during S phase for cells to divide normally?''In the cellular regulatory pathways that controlcell growth and proliferation, the products of oncogenesare stimulatory components and the products of tumorsuppressor genes are inhibitory components.'' 'Is this statement true? Explain why or why not.
- Hi, can you elaborate about the following: certain characterize mutations in p63 and compare that to known mutations in p53.Equalizing the Expression of X Chromosome Genes in Males and Females Males have only one X chromosome and therefore only one copy of all genes on the X chromosome. Each gene is directly expressed, thus providing the basis of hemizygosity in males. Females have two X chromosomes, but one is always inactivated. Therefore, females, like males, have only one functional copy of all the genes on the X chromosome. Again, each gene must be directly expressed. Why, then, are females not considered hemizygous, and why are they not afflicted with sex-linked recessive diseases as often as males are?A mutated gene that codes for an altered version of Cdk that is active in the absence of cyclin is a(n) ___________ . kinase inhibitor tumor suppressor gene proto-oncogene oncogene.
