Briefly describe the dual role of lipoic acid in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Q: Identify the means by which the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated.

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a convergence point in the regulation of the metabolic finetuning between…

Q: can you explain the catalytic mechanism of pyruvate dehydrogenase (complex)

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a multimeric protein involved in the glycolytic pathway of the cell which…

Q: Briefly describe the biological rationale for each of the following allosteric phenomena: (a)…

A: Allosteric regulation occurs when an enzyme's activity is affected by binding of a small molecule.…

Q: Explain what will happen to reactions of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex when there is a deficiency…

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex formed by 3 enzymes that converts pyruvate into…

Q: Explain the efficiency of using the citric acid cycle to oxidize acetyl CoA.

A: The citric acid cycle or TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms…

Q: Explain why the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a crucial juncture in…

A: The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of…

Q: Write a balanced equation for the conversion in the glyoxylate cycle of twoacetyl units, as…

A: glyoxylate contribute to an anabolic reaction as compared to the TCA (Tricarboxylic cycle).

Q: Name three enzymes from the citric acid cycle which are allosterically regulated by ATP and/or NADH.…

A: The citric acid cycle is also known as the TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions used by all…

Q: List some of the advantages of organizing the enzymes that catalyze the formation of acetyl CoA from…

A: The process of glycolysis occurs to break down glucose into pyruvate and to produce some energy. But…

Q: Draw a plausible mechanism for the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by isocitrate…

A: Isocitrate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate,…

Q: Give one metabolic intermediate that is released as pyruvate is oxidized by the pyruvate…

A: Glucose is metabolized through the glycolytic pathway to synthesize energy in the form of ATP and…

Q: Pyruvate is metabolized involving a multienzyme complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). (a).…

A: Metabolic pathways are series of biochemical reactions that are catalyzed by a series of enzymes.…

Q: Compare the energy cost, in ATP equivalents, of synthesizing stearate from mitochondrial acetyl-CoA…

A: The synthesis of fatty acids is not simply a reversal of the degrading route. Rather it consists of…

Q: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetyl- COA. Acetyl- CoA is further…

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase --  Pyruvate dehydrogenase is very important enzyme in respiratory process…

Q: Describe the reaction catalyzed by each enzyme: (a) aspartate transaminase; (b) glyceraldehyde…

A: Introduction: a) Transamination is the transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to an α-keto…

Q: Identify at least five biological effects of disorders of the citric acid cycle

A: In our body their are lot of metabolism pathways are carried out apart from them citric acid cycle…

Q: Describe the mechanism in which NADH is involved in the activation of oxygen molecules in fatty acid…

A: The desaturation of fatty acids is done by an enzyme called fatty acyl-CoA desaturase. It removes…

Q: How does an increase in the NADH/NAD1 ratio affect the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A: Introduction: The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that yield two carbon dioxide…

Q: Which precursors accumulate in patients with niacin deficiency. What effect does this deficiency…

A: Niacin is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and nicotinamide adenine…

Q: Briefly describe the fate of pyruvate in metabolism under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions

A: Aerobic glycolysis occurs in presence of oxygen where oxidation of glucose takes place and converted…

Q: Describe the advantage of regenerating oxaloacetate at the end of each turn of the citric acid…

A: ATP is the energy currency for all living cells. The citric acid cycle is also known as the…

Q: Based on the action of thiamine pyrophosphate in catalysis of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction,…

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a three-enzyme complex that transforms pyruvate to…

Q: ATP is a competitive inhibitor of NADH binding to malate dehydrogenase, as are ADP and AMP. Suggest…

A: Introduction: ATP is a form of energy utilized by the cell for the growth and development of the…

Q: Distinguish between catalytic coenzymes and stoichiometric coenzymes in the pyruvate dehydrogenase…

A: The Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex consists of five different coenzymes such as thiamine…

Q: Explain How arsenic affects the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction is a reaction in which pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA.

Q: Draw a plausible mechanism for the oxidation of dihydrolipoamide to lipoamide by the E3 subunit…

A: A trivial term for 6,8-dithiooctanoic amide is lipoamide. Lipoamide is an efficient form of lipoic…

Q: Name one reaction of glycolysis, one anaplerotic reaction, and one reaction of TCA cycle that…

A: Allosteric regulation is the process of controlling an enzyme, either by activating or inhibiting…

Q: Explain the reasons for the oxidation of acetate through complex pathways in the citrate cycle.

A: TCA or tricarboxylic acid cycle is the second step of aerobic cellular respiration. It is an…

Q: Explain why pyruvate cannot be converted to glucose in an exact reverse of the glycolysis pathway.

A: Glycolysis is the metabolic breakdown of glucose into pyruvate and releasing energy in the process.…

Q: Explain why it makes metabolic sense for acetyl-CoA, which is not a substrate for gluconeogenesis,…

A: Acetyl-CoA : It is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein,…

Q: describe how the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is regulated?

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a three-enzyme complex that decarboxylates pyruvate into…

Q: Describe the three possible fates of pyruvate.

A: Pyruvate is a three-carbon molecule that is formed from glucose after the process of glycolysis. It…

Q: . In deciding which form of isocitrate dehydrogenase plays the more important role in the citric…

A: The citric acid cycle is also known as TCA cycle. It is a series of chemical reactions used by all…

Q: Draw a plausible mechanism for the oxidation of dihydrolipoamide to lipoamide by the E, subunit…

A: A trivial term for 6,8-dithiooctanoic amide is lipoamide. Lipoamide is an efficient form of lipoic…

Q: The TCA cycle entails eight enzymatically catalyzed steps starting with the entry of acetyl-CoA into…

A: The Tricarboxylic acid cycle (Citric acid cycle) is the main energy-producing metabolic pathway in…

Q: Discuss the metabolic control for HMG CoA reductase synthesis and activity

A: HMG CoA (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A) reductase, or HMGCR, is the primary rate-limiting…

Q: Name all the oxidoreductases involved in glycolysis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, and the TCA…

A: Oxidoreductases are a group of enzymes that take part in an oxidoreduction reaction. They catalyze…

Q: Diagram the major changes made to pyruvate as it is catabolized by the TCA cycle

A: Cell is the smallest structural and, functional unit of life. It is simple machinery that houses all…

Q: Compare the regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in muscle and in liver.

A: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a multienzyme complex that contains three enzymes that are…

Q: Discuss how the isozymic forms of acetyl CoA carboxylase regulate fatty acid metabolism. Explain the…

A: The single controlled enzyme in fatty acid synthesis is acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which catalyzes the…

Q: Given what you know about the function of the glyoxylate cycle and the regulation of the citric acid…

A: Glyoxylase cycle, a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, is an anabolic pathway occurring in…

Metabolic pathways

Metabolism is defined as the group of life-supporting, enzyme-mediated chemical reactions in organisms. A metabolic pathway is a set of these chemical reactions that involve anabolism (synthesis of complex biomolecules) and catabolism (breakdown of biomolecules into small molecules) that occur inside a cell. Metabolites are the reacting substances, products, and intermediate substances of an enzymatic process that are altered by a series of chemical events catalyzed by enzymes.