Explain what will happen to reactions of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex when there is a deficiency of thiamine and lipoic acid. a)

Q: Briefly describe the dual role of lipoic acid in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A: Lipoic acid is essentially used in aerobic processes. It is important biological compound for the…

Q: Explain why people with a deficiency of the enzyme glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) suffer…

A: Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH) deficiency is an X-linked disease.   In normal, G6PD is…

Q: What effect will an increase in oxaloacetate in mitochondria have on fatty acid biosynthesis? (b)…

A: Fatty acid biosynthesis occurs through condensation of C2 units, the reverse of fatty acid…

Q: Is the statement during fatty acid biosynthesis, NADH is used as the reducing equivalent in the…

A: Ans: Fatty acid synthesis, the process formation of fatty acids from acetyl CoA and NADPH with the…

Q: Explain why the reaction catalyzed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a crucial juncture in…

A: The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of…

Q: What is the fate of the radioactive label when each of the following pairs of compounds is added to…

A: The citric acid cycle or Kreb's cycle is the second step of cellular respiration taking place in the…

Q: Explain how the conversion of alanine to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) can be identified as an oxidation…

A: Oxidation is the gain of oxygen, loss of electrons, and loss of hydrogen from an atom. The oxidation…

Q: Write a balanced equation for the conversion of glycerol into pyruvate. Which enzymes are required…

A: Gluconeogenesis means the production of a glucose molecule from the non-carbohydrate substrate. The…

Q: Pyruvate is metabolized involving a multienzyme complex, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). (a).…

A: Metabolic pathways are series of biochemical reactions that are catalyzed by a series of enzymes.…

Q: There are three steps in the Kreb cycle (beginning at pyruvate) where a single carbon is removed. In…

A: Glycolysis is the main process of cellular respiration involving glucose (6C) conversion to two…

Q: Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of PRPP from glucose through the oxidative branch of the…

A: Glucose is catabolized to form pyruvate via glycolysis. Similarly, the pentose phosphate pathway is…

Q: Mercuric ion and methanol are inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase. Explain.

A: Alcohol (ADH) dehydrogenase is an enzyme that helps in the interconversion of alcohol into ketones…

Q: for E, values, calculate AG" for oxidation of malate by malate dehydrogenase.

A: The reaction is NAD+ + Malate ---> NADH + oxaloacetate + H+

Q: Identify the enzyme that controls the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.

A: The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glucose oxidation. It is also called…

Q: In Bacillus subtilis, threonine is metabolized by the following sequence of reactions: (a)…

A:

Q: write a balanced equation for the overall reaction catalyzed by each of the three enzymes in the…

A: The pyruvate dehyrdrogenase complex is complex of 3 enzymes that plays a role in the metabolsim by…

Q: Describe the products of the transketolase reaction when the substrates are a five-carbon aldose and…

A: Enzyme is a catalytic molecule that increases the rate of any chemical reaction without being used…

Q: The Km and kcat for fumarase with fumarate as a substrate are 5 × 10−6 M and 8 × 102 s−1,…

A: The citric acid cycle is the metabolic pathway, during which the oxaloacetate is formed from the…

Q: The pyruvate →lactate reaction in animals is reversible, but the pyruvate → ethanol fermentation in…

A: Anaerobic respiration or fermentation is conversion of glucose into energy which is very less as…

Q: Name two oxidizing agents that act as coenzyme with oxidoreductases

A: Enzymes are a class of proteins that increases the pace of the chemical reaction without undergoing…

Q: Explain the reaction mechanism of Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxal phosphate?

A: Coenzymes are the non-proteinaceous compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. They…

Q: What are the two most common inhibitors of stepsof the citric acid cycle and the reaction catalyzed…

A: The citric acid cycle that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix is the second step of aerobic…

Q: Considering the evidence that led Krebs to propose a cyclic pathway for oxidation of pyruvate,…

A: Introduction: Metabolically plants and animals are different in several metabolic stages. Plants…

Q: How many moles of ATP are synthesized by adding stearate to TCA through B-oxidation? Why is that?…

A: From the Beta oxidation process: The P/O ratios, which give the number of ATP produced per molecule,…

Q: Write a balanced equation for the reaction catalyzed bynitrogenase.

A: Enzymes are biological catalysts that help in catalyzing or speeding up biological reactions by…

Q: Which reaction in the citric acid cycle is most analogous to the oxidative decarboxylation of 6-…

A: Oxidative decarboxylation is a process of removal of carbon group by oxidation reaction which…

Q: Oxygen is not a reactant in the β oxidation of fatty acids. Can β oxidation occur under anaerobic…

A: Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process which involves multiple steps by which fatty acid molecules…

Q: Outline the mechanism of the conversion of a-ketoglutarate to succinylCoA catalyzed by…

A: The last common mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of fuel molecules is the citric acid cycle. In…

Q: Identify the primary catabolic purpose of the citric acid cycle

A: The citric acid (CAC) cycle is the primary catabolic process, which helps to convert the pyruvate…

Q: Given the following question, for each of the three reactions catalyzed by NADH dehydrogenase…

A: The mitochondrial respiratory chain or electron transport chain is a biological oxidation process in…

Q: Describe in detail the structure of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

A: Introduction The formation of Acetyl-CoA from Pyruvate formed after Glycolysis is regulated by a…

Q: What are the similarities and differences between the reactions catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase…

A: Introduction Respiration is a metabolic process involving the oxidation of organic compounds to form…

Q: What are the direct products of b oxidation of a fully saturated, straight-chain acyl-CoA of 13…

A: In this case of odd numbered acyl-CoA chains, beta oxidation ensues in the same way except for the…

Q: What is the stoichiometry of the synthesis of (a) ribose 5-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate…

A: Stoichiometry involves the relationships between the reactants and/or products in the chemical…

Q: Considering the evidence that led Krebs to propose a cyclic pathway for oxidation of pyruvate,…

A: The glyoxylate cycle is a variation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is an anabolic pathway occurring…

Q: Using the principles described in the text regarding pyridoxal phosphate mechanisms, propose a…

A: Introduction: The exchange of an amino (- NH2) group from an amino acid to a keto acid is known as…

Q: Normal cells die in a nutrient medium containing thymidine and methotrexate, whereas mutant cells…

A: Methotrexate is a chemotherapy agent which is used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, ectopic…

Q: Why is it advantageous for citrate, the product of Reaction 1 of the citric acid cycle, to inhibit…

A: Glycolysis is the process by which one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of…

Q: What are the coenzymes of El and E2 of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? Explain their roles and…

A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA…

Q: a) Write an equation for the reaction catalyzed by fumarate reductase. b) NADH produced by the…

A:

Q: Why is it reasonable for excess NADH to negatively regulate the citric acid cycle?

A:

Q: Considering the evidence that led Krebs to propose a cyclic pathway for oxidation of pyruvate,…

A: The Citric acid cycle, or the Tri-carboxylic acid cycle is commonly known as the Kreb's cycle, which…

Q: give five biological effects of disorders of the citric acid cycle

A: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the primary…

Q: Explain the reasons for the oxidation of acetate through complex pathways in the citrate cycle.

A: TCA or tricarboxylic acid cycle is the second step of aerobic cellular respiration. It is an…

Q: A molecule -X inhibits oxidation of stearoyl-CoA by isolated mitochondria but has no effect on…

A: Sterol-CoA desaturate is referred to as the key enzyme that is involved in the process of…

Q: Explain why, glucose-6-phosphate will prefer to go via the pentose phosphate route. What additional…

A: Metabolism includes biosynthesis/ reduction (an anabolic process) and oxidation (catabolic…

Q: Write an equation for the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction.

A: The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC) complex is considered as the crucial complex, which is known to…

Q: Explain why rotenone inhibits oxidative phosphorylationwhen the substrate is pyruvate, but not when…

A: Site-specific inhibitors of electron transport have been identified. These compounds prevent the…

Mitochondrial Mutations

A mitochondrion is a cellular organelle that serves as the site for cellular respiration and energy production (ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate). It is a double-membrane-bound organelle and is only present in eukaryotic cells.