Consider a file system that uses indexed allocation with a maximum of one index node per file. Suppose the index node occupies 4096 bytes, that each block pointer occupies 4 bytes. Ignore the metadata associated with the file that is usually contained in the index node. How large should a block be (in bytes) so that this scheme is able to completely access files on a 1 GB file system?

Consider a file system that uses a modifed contiguous-allocation scheme with support for extents. A file is a collection of extents, with each ex- tent corresponding to a contiguous set of blocks. A key issue in such systems is the degree of variability in the size of the extents. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following schemes: a. All extents are of the same size, and the size is predetermined. b. Extents can be of any size and are allocated dynamically. c. Extents can be of a few fixed sizes, and these sizes are predeter- mined.

Write a C program Producer – Consumer as a classical problem of synchronizationStep 2. Write a program* that solves the producer - consumer problem. You may use the following pseudo code for implementation.*program to write: produce -consumer problem to produce and consume the alphabet.//Shared data: semaphore full, empty, mutex;//pool of n buffers, each can hold one item//mutex provides mutual exclusion to the buffer pool//empty and full count the number of empty and full buffers//Initially: full = 0, empty = n, mutex = 1//Producer thread do {…produce next item…wait(empty); wait(mutex);…add the item to buffer…signal(mutex); signal(full);} while (1);//Consumer thread do {wait(full) wait(mutex);…remove next item from buffer…signal(mutex); signal(empty);…consume the item } while (1);

Consider a memory of size 8KB (8192 bytes) that allows dynamic, variable sized partitioning among processes and uses a linked list to keep track of free spaces (hereafter referred to as the free list) in the memory at any given time. Assume that there are 6 processes and assume that their memory size requirements (in bytes) are as given below: Р1: 500, Р2: 600, Р3: 1300, Р4: 2000, Р5: 100, Р6: 200 Assume that the initial state of the free list is as shown below (BA is the base address and Sz is the size of each free space): ВА: 0; Sz: 1100 — ВА: 1200; Sz: 600 > BА: 2000; Sz: 1800> ВА: 6000%; Sz 400

Consider a file system that uses a modifed contiguous-allocation scheme with support for extents. A file is a collection of extents, with each ex- tent corresponding to a contiguous set of blocks. A key issue in such systems is the degree of variability in the size of the extents. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the following schemes: a. All extents are of the same size, and the size is predetermined. b. Extents can be of any size and are allocated dynamically. c. Extents can be of a few fixed sizes, and these sizes are predeter- mined.