Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction from the citric acid cycle. Given the listed concentrations, calculate the free energy change for this reaction at energy change for this reaction at 37.0 °C (310 K). AG" for the reaction is +29.7 kJ/mol. Assume that the reaction occurs at pH 7. [malate] = 1.27 mM [oxaloacetate] = 0.210 mM [NAD+] = 320 mM [NADH] = 130 mM AG: -48.5 kJ.mol-¹
Q: please draw anr label the 20 amino acids found in proteins as they would exist in an aqueous…
A: Amino acids are biomolecules that have an amino group and a carboxyl group linked to the same carbon…
Q: 2. How many grams of glycerine, C3H5(OH) (MM = 92 g/mol) is mixed with 36 g H₂O to make a solution…
A:
Q: In order to study protein structures and functions, many protein techniques have been developed for…
A: Proteins are composed of twenty standard amino acids attached together via peptide bonds. These…
Q: draw all the structures of the tribasic amino acid lysine involved in the equilibrium reactions that…
A: The proteins are composed of 20 naturally occurring amino acids. The amino acids can be classified…
Q: For the enzymes involved in producing ATP at an extremely high rate, please indicate the products…
A: ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency that the cell uses in metabolic transactions.…
Q: Lable out the main difference of Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatrenary protein structure in…
A: As per the central dogma of molecular biology, DNA contains the code that is necessary for the…
Q: in the series: SCD, TEF, UGH, ___, WKL what letters should fill the blank
A: The first letter of an element in the series is consecutive to the previous elements first letter…
Q: what is the Vmax and Km of the enzyme in the reaction
A: Parameters such as Km and Vmax are used for comparing enzyme activities. If we know the initial rate…
Q: If a dialysis tube that is permeable to water but not sucrose contains a 40% sucrose solution that…
A: Water travels across a semi-permeable membrane from the side of the membrane with a lower…
Q: of the gluconeogenesis wing is not true? A. Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) and…
A: Glycolysis - is a process in which one mole of glucose is partially oxidized into two moles of…
Q: 1. Under what circumstances in the cell would the entire pentose phosphate pathway be carried out…
A: The pentose phosphate pathway is also called HMP shunt pathway. It branches from glucose 6-phosphate…
Q: The active site of chymotrypsin indicates that the following residues are needed: a. Asp and…
A: Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme that helps to digest proteins in our food. Chymotrypsin cleaves…
Q: What's the importances of Nucleic acid
A: - The most crucial macromolecules for maintaining life are nucleic acids. They contain instructions…
Q: Is there a reason why you divided the pKa's by 2 when determining the pI?
A: Isoelectric pH or pI is the pH at which the amino acid or the peptide is in zwitterion state.…
Q: 29. What is the action of the Na/K pump? A. It is bidirectional for both ions B. It actively…
A: Introduction Plasma membrane or cell membrane is a outermost membrane in animal cell. It protect the…
Q: 10. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is false? A. Insulin is a signal that…
A: To maintain normal levels of glucose in the blood, the pancreatic cells secrete two types of signal…
Q: 27. While culturing some cells, you lower the temperature of the culture. What happens immediately…
A: Cell membrane are composed of lipid bilayer and proteins. Membrane fluidity depends on the content…
Q: Describe the journey of a protein from the ribosome, to the ER, Golgi and then out of the cell.
A: Proteins are distributed in the cytosol, plasma membrane and the organelles like, nucleus,…
Q: Explain why condensed milk is not advisable to infants. 2. Enumerate the different kinds of milk.
A: Introduction Milk is the the primary source of nutrition for young mammals. It is a white colour…
Q: How many cycles of the synthesis pathway are needed to produce lauric acid, C₁1H23COOH? ||…
A: The production of triglycerides from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) subunits is known as…
Q: 10. The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is Complex IV. T F
A: The final stage of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain (ETC), which is also the sole…
Q: Which one of the following features does NOT make HDL a 'good' lipoprotein. It acts as an…
A: High density lipoprotein is the smallest lipoprotein with a size of 5 to 17 nm. It functions to…
Q: what element is this? after MDA reacts with something Ph CH3 N CH3
A: MDA is malondialdehyde . It is a product of lipid peroxidation in corals. Determination of this MDA…
Q: 8. Cytochrome c exists in the inner membrane and shuttles electrons between complex I or complex II…
A: Electron transport chain is a chain of electron carriers present in the inner mitochondrial…
Q: Which of the following is NOT a naturally-occurring amino acid? A) B) C) D) H₂NCH-COO CH3 H₂NCH-COO…
A: The proteins are composed of twenty naturally occurring amino acids. These amino acids are alpha…
Q: Draw and name an aldose and ketose having five (5) carbon atoms. Identify in your drawing the point…
A: Carbohydrates are a class of macromolecules that plays an important role as energy source for the…
Q: What charged groups are present in glutamate at a pH = 7? OA) 1× NH3+ B) 1 x COOT C) 1× NH3 and 1 x…
A: Glutamate is an amino acid with molecular formula C5H9NO4. It is considered as acidic amino acid due…
Q: 10. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is false? A. Insulin is a signal that…
A: When blood glucose concentration increases or decreases, carbohydrate metabolism is coordinated by…
Q: Discuss the factors affecting enzyme activity
A: Enzymes are high molecular weight protein molecules that catalyse biochemical reactions. The…
Q: For the questions below be sure to show your work as well as the answer to the question. In this…
A: Hi! Thank you for the question. We are authorized to answer five subparts at a time, since you have…
Q: HN 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. NH CH₂ EB HẠN–ệ—C H 8 Choose A if the statement is CORRECT B if the statement is…
A:
Q: What is the product of the beta oxidation of this fatty acid?
A: The given fatty acid is caproic acid. Beta-oxidation is the oxidation of fatty acid on the…
Q: Your supervisor asks to make 350 mL of a 0.75% (w/v) starch solution using a 5% (w/v) stock…
A: Given Values: Concentration of the starch stock solution = 5 % The volume of the final starch…
Q: 15. Cellular proteins are oftentimes post-translationally modified. Choose one of the following…
A: Post translational modification are the modifications done in the protein by covalently attaching…
Q: Ceruloplasmin is a blue-colored monomeric oxidase found in mamma- lian blood plasma. It contains…
A: Ceruloplasmin is a copper containing globulin which helps in the transport of copper in the…
Q: what is the dimer of proteins
A: A protein is a biomolecule consisting of many amino acids. It functions as building blocks of the…
Q: DNA: Whats the difference between continuous and discontinuous synthesis, why replication requires…
A: DNA is Deoxyribo Nucleic acid which functions as genetic material in most of the organisms.…
Q: Summarize the general characteristics of carbohydrates.
A: Carbohydrates are the chemically polyhydroxy-aldehydes or polyhydroxy-ketones. They are one of the…
Q: The brown discoloration of apples and potatoes is due to an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction.…
A: Cut apples and potatoes turn brown or discolored on exposure to air. This is due to conversion of a…
Q: The side chain of which of the following amino acids is most hydrophilic a. Phe b. Val c. Leu d.…
A: The hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the amino acids in a protein is quantitatively analysed…
Q: Detergents disrupt hydrophobic interactions by coating hydrophobic molecules with molecules that…
A: Hemoglobin is an oligomeric protein with four polypeptides. The individual polypeptides are joined…
Q: For the amino acid arginine: Draw its complete protonic equilibria. Indicate the net charge of each…
A: Zwitterionic form is a form of molecule which has a net charge of zero.Also this form is very…
Q: 6. What term is used to describe reactions that generate metabolic intermediates of a pathway? A.…
A: The reactions that generate metabolic intermediates of a pathway is termed as - Answer- B.…
Q: Part 1: Draw the following metabolic pathways and identify different types of organic reaction…
A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three sub-parts…
Q: Elaborate on the industrial processes of water purification and wastewater treatment. In your…
A: Introduction Water pollution is process by which water get polluted for various human activities.…
Q: The condensation reaction catalyzed by ß-ketoacyl-ACP synthase synthesizes a four-carbon unit by…
A: Malonyl CoA is formed from carboxylation of Acetyl CoA through an ATP consuming process by biotin…
Q: Draw the Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA pathway, then identify and label the different types…
A: Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA occurs by enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, It occurs by oxidative…
Q: Complex carbohydrates are comprised of which of the following? Disaccarides Oligosaccarides…
A: Carbohydrates are biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates are…
Q: What charged groups are present in lysine at a pH = 7?
A: Amino acids are building blocks of proteins. The alpha carbon of amino acids consist of amine group,…
Q: 2.5 What is Chemio-osmotic gradient, and what is its importance in Metabolism
A: Chemiosmosis is the process by which the ions move by passive diffusion across a semi-permeable…
Trending now
This is a popular solution!
Step by step
Solved in 2 steps
- Calculate the ΔG for Malate dehydrogenase reaction of CAC if the concentration of oxaloacetate is 1x 10-8 M, malate is 0.2 mM, NAD+ is 10 mM and NADH is 0.1 mM in rat liver mitochondria. ΔGo’ for this reaction is 30 kJ/mole. Please write the units of the final answer and the formula you are using to solve. R = 0.008314kJ/K*mol, T = 298KGiven the following information, calculate the physiological ΔG of the isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction at 25°C and pH 7.0: [NAD+]/[NADH] = 8, [α-ketoglutarate] = 0.1 mM, and [isocitrate] = 0.02 mM. Assume standard conditions for CO2 (ΔG°′ is given in Table). Is this reaction a likely site for metabolic control?Under standard conditions, NADH reoxidation by the electron-transport chain has a free-energy change equal to –220 kJ/mol. With 100% efficiency, how many ATP could be synthesized under standard conditions? What is the "actual" efficiency given these numbers?
- Compare the delta ΔG0' values for the oxidation of succinate by NAD+ and by FAD. Use the data given in Table 18.1 to find the E0' of the NAD+-NADH and fumarate-succinate couples, and assume that E0' for the FAD – FADH2 redox couple is nearly 0.05 V. Why is FAD rather than NAD+ the electron acceptor in the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase?Consider one of the reactions of the citric acid cycle shown below Malate + NAD+ ⇆ Oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ (malate dehydrogenase) ΔG˚′ = +29.7 kJ/mol. Describe two factors that allow this thermodynamically unfavorable reaction to occur in the direction of malate to oxaloacetate.One process catalyzed by NADHNADH dehydrogenase is NADH+H^++ubiquinone ↽−−⇀ NAD+ubiquinolNADH+H^++ubiquinone ↽−−⇀ NAD^++ubiquinol The standard reduction potentials for the half‑reactions are given in the table. Oxidant Reductant ?′0 ubiquinone+2H++2e−ubiquinone+2H++2e^− ubiquinolubiquinol 0.045 NAD^++H^++2e−NAD^++H^++2e^− NADHNADH –0.32 Calculate Δ?′0 for the reaction as shown. Δ?′0=____(V) Calculate Δ?′0 . Δ?′0=____(kJ/mol)
- If palmitic acid is subjected to complete combustion in a bomb calorimeter, one can calculate a standard free energy of combustion of 9788 kJ/mol. From the ATP yield of palmitate oxidation, what is the metabolic efficiency of the biological oxidation, in terms of kilojoules saved as ATP per kilojoule released? (Ignore the cost of fatty acid activation.)The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation and therefore does not use the citric acid cycle to generate reduced cofactors. Instead, the parasite converts amino acid–derived α ketoglutarate to succinate. Write an equation for the α-ketoglutarate → succinate conversion that follows (a) the oxidative (clockwise) path of the citric acid cycle or (b) the reductive (counterclockwise) path of the cycle.The half-reactions involved in the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) reaction and their standard reduction potentials are (see attached)). Calculate ΔG at pH 7.0 for the LDH-catalyzed reduction of pyruvate under the following conditions: (a) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 1 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 1. (b) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 160 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 160. (c) [lactate]/[pyruvate] = 1000 and [NAD+]/[NADH] = 1000. (d) Discuss the eff ect of the concentration ratios in Parts a–c on the direction of the reaction.
- If the hydrolysis of 1 M glucose 6-phosphate catalyzed by glucose 6-phosphatase has a ΔG′∘ of −11.386 kJ/mol at 25 °C, what percentage of substrate remains once the reaction reaches equilibrium assuming no product was initially present? (Round answer to the nearest whole number)From the complete oxidation of glucose (glucose → 6CO2), how many total NADH electron carriers are produced?Given the following coupled reactions: phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O → pyruvate + Pi ΔG°'= -61.9 kJ/mol ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi ΔG°'= -30.5 kJ/mol write the overall reaction, calculate the ΔG°’, and determine if the reaction is exergonic or endergonic. The overall reaction is ______ + _______ → _______ + _________ The overall ΔG°’ is ________ kJ/mol. Therefore, the reaction is _______(exergonic/endergonic)