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- Suppose that Congress passes a law requiringemployers to provide employees some benefit (suchas healthcare) that raises the cost of an employee by$4 per hour.a. What effect does this employer mandate haveon the demand for labor? (In answering this andthe following questions, be quantitative whenyou can.)b. If employees place a value on this benefit exactlyequal to its cost, what effect does this employermandate have on the supply of labor?c. If the wage can freely adjust to balance supply anddemand, how does this law affect the wage andthe level of employment? Are employers better orworse off? Are employees better or worse off?d. Suppose that, before the mandate, the wage in thismarket was $3 above the minimum wage. In thiscase, how does the employer mandate affect thewage, the level of employment, and the level ofunemployment?e. Now suppose that workers do not value themandated benefit at all. How does this alternativeassumption change your answers to parts(b) and (c)?Suppose the marginal revenue from search isMR = 50 - 1.5wwhere w is the wage offer at hand. The marginal cost of search isMC = 5 + wa. Why is the marginal revenue from search a negative function of the wage offer at hand?b. Can you give an economic interpretation of the intercept in the marginal cost equation; in other words, what does it mean to say that the intercept equals $5? Similarly, what does it mean to say that the slope in the marginal cost equation equals one dollar?c. What is the worker’s asking wage? Will a worker accept a job offer of $15?d. Suppose UI benefits are reduced, causing the marginal cost of search to increase to MC = 20 + w. What is the new asking wage? Will the worker accept a job offer of $15?(a) Solve for the equilibrium wage and employment level.(b) Graph the demand and supply curves.(c) At this equilibrium, what is your welfare/gains from trade?(d) Now, assume a minimum wage has been implemented at $20. How will this impact yourdemand? Supply?(e) How many workers are displaced by this new policy? How much “extra” unemployment occurswith this new policy? Hint: Think about the reservation wage.(f) Graph the new labor demand and supply with this minimum wage.(g) At this equilibrium, what is your new welfare? Are you better off with this change? Explain.
- E1 3. [Employment and Unemployment] Suppose a country has a working-age population of 500people. The demand and supply functions of its labor market are:w=300-0.5L w=60+0.1Lwhere w is the wage, L is the quantity of labor. The labor market has search friction so thatthose that are looking for a job may not immediately find one even when there are openings.Specifically, Assume the number of job matches (i.e. employment) is given by: 0.8L(a) Find the equilibrium wage and the actual number of employed people. Calculate thelabor force participation rate and unemployment rate. (b) The COVID-19 pandemic lowers the labor demand, and the new labor demand becomesw=240-0.5L. Assume that the wage can adjust quickly, find the equilibrium wage and theactual number of employed people during the pandemic. (c) Briefly explain in words, and with a specific example of each, the difference betweenstructural and frictional unemployment.A current debate in education is whether teachersshould be paid on a standard pay scale based solelyupon their years of training and teaching experience,or whether part of their salary should be based upontheir performance (called “merit pay”).a. Why might merit pay be desirable?b. Who might be opposed to a system of merit pay?c. What is a potential challenge of merit pay?d. A related issue: Why might a school district decideto pay teachers significantly more than the salariesoffered by surrounding districts?Question 2Consider the case of Jonathan, who is a singlefather with one child. He can work as a serverfor $6 per hour up to 1,500 hours per year. Heis eligible for welfare and can receivegovernment support of $10,000 for notworking at all. If he works 1,500 hours, hisearnings would be______ and governmentsupport would be______.O a) 2.000; 8,000O b) 3,000; 7,000O c) 9,000; 1,000O d) 10,000; 0
- A company called Tramlaw has become the only employer in the local market for retail labor. The marginal value (extra profit before wages) of hiring an additional worker-hour is ?? = 60 − ?, where ?? is marginal value and ? is the hours of labor worked. The supply of workers is given as ? = ? 2 , where ? is the wage (the price of labor). Assume Tramlaw pays all retail workers in this market the same wage. For parts (a) and (b), ignore the numbers and equations (though you could use the equations as hints). a. Explain in words why Tramlaw’s marginal cost of hiring an additional worker-hour is higher than supply, which represents the marginal cost to the worker of providing an additional hour of labor. b. Draw a market diagram of Tramlaw’s local labor monopsony, including marginal value (MV), supply (S), and marginal cost (MC). Graphically indicate the monopsonist’s profit-maximizing quantity of labor ??, wage ??, the efficient quantity of labor ? ∗ , and any deadweight loss (DWL)…Suppose demand for labour is given by: l=-50w+450 and supply is given by l=100w, where ? represents the number of people employed and ? is the real wage rate per hour. a) What will be the equilibrium levels for ? and ? in this market? b. Suppose the government wishes to increase the equilibrium wage to $4 per hour by offering a subsidy to employers for each person hired. How much will this subsidy have to be? What will be the new equilibrium level of employment be? How much total subsidy will be paid? c. Suppose instead that the government declared a minimum wage of $4 per hour. How much labour would be demanded at this price? How much unemployment would there be? d. Graph the results.Jason Stilton is the chief executive officer of RightLiving a company that buys life insurance policies at a discount from terminally ill persons and sells the policies to investors for 85% of the value of the future benefit. The patients recieve the cash to use for medical and other expenses and the investors are guaranteed a positive return on thier investment. The diffreance between the purchace and sale prices is the RightLivinf Profit. Stilton is aware that some sick patients may obtain insurance policies through fraud (Not revealing thier illness on the insurance application). An insurance company that discovers such will cancel the policy and refuse to pay. Stilton beleives that most of the policies he has purchased are legitimate, but he knows some are probably not. Question Using IDDR approch, discuss the decision process Stilton should use in deciding whether to disclose the risk of fraudulent policies to potential investors.
- The way the workers’ compensation system works now, employees permanently injured on the jobreceive a payment of $X each year whether they work or not. Suppose the government were toimplement a new program in which those who did not work at all got $0.5X but those who did work got$0.5X plus workers’ compensation of 50 cents for every hour worked (of course, this subsidy would bein addition to the wages paid by their employers). What would be the change in work incentivesassociated with this change in the way workers’ compensation payments are calculated?What is die price commonly called in the labor market?Suppose that the demand for electricians in a particular town can be given by the equation: L = 10,000 - 20W where L = the number of hours of electrician services and W = the hourly wage rate for electricians. a. What is the own-wage elasticity of demand for electricians when W = $125 per hour -- the equilibrium wage rate? b. Is the demand curve elastic or inelastic at this point? c. How will Aggregate Earnings of electricians be affected by a 10% increase in wages from this equilibrium point? d. What effect will each of the following have on the own-wage elasticity of demand for electricians at the equilibrium wage? i. An increase in the price elasticity of demand for electrical services ii. An increase in the equilibrium wage (with the same labor demand curve specified in this problem) iii. A dramatic increase in handymen in this town (which can be thought of as substitutes in the production for electricians)
