edsAntibodies (Immunoglobulins)Objective 14Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are glycoproteins secreted by plasma cells. They arelocated in interstitial fluid, plasma (gamma globulin fraction) and in body secretions.onseA.Antibody StructureHeavy chainAntigen-bindingsiteLight chainInsmakamosHinge regionComplement-binding siteStem regionMacrophagebinding siteOHO(a) Antibody moleculeOHOX = Disulfide bondCarbohydratefour polypeptide chains (two heavy, two light)chains are held together by covalent disulfide bonds (S=S)each heavy chain and each light chain has two functional areas:consists of highly variable amino acidsequences which forms the basis ofantibody specificity; antigen binds here?????tomore conserved amino acid sequences;there are five basic sequences of amino acids,which define the 5 antibody classes (IgG, IgA,IgM, IgE and IgD);?????each class has its own characteristic set ofeffector functions (see next page)Your notes:4 404. 39

* Antibodies or immunoglobulins are proteins produced by the body against harmful external…

each heavy chain and each light chain has two functional areas: consists of highly variable amino acid sequences which forms the basis of antibody specificity; antigen binds here ????? more conserved amino acid sequences; ????? there are five basic sequences of amino acids, which define the 5 antibody classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD);

each heavy chain and each light chain has two functional areas: consists of highly variable amino acid sequences which forms the basis of antibody specificity; antigen binds here ????? more conserved amino acid sequences; ????? there are five basic sequences of amino acids, which define the 5 antibody classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD);

Human Biology (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305112100

Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan

Chapter9: Immunity And Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4SQ

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Some Type-II immunopathology mediated autoimmune diseases have manifestations inmultiple different organs. Discuss how antibodies to one single antigen can cause damage inmultiple sites throughout the body. Things you might discuss include, but are not limited towhere the antigen could be expressed, how antibodies are made, how they bind antigen,where they circulate, the ratios of antigen to antibody, mechanisms of the immune systemthat result in cellular/tissue damage, or how immune system components can affect otherorgans. You might also comment on what makes one antigen an attractive target rather thananother. Please do NOT comment on all the things listed above, they are just to get youthinking. If you are having trouble getting started, it might help to think about a specificdisease which affects multiple organs.
if someone had dysfunctional plasma cells that were unstable to secrete immunoglobulins, what pathogen/s would they be most at risk from and why? Thank you!
Someone bitten by a poisonous snake should be given someantivenom (antibodies) to prevent death. If the person is bitten bythe same type of snake 3 years after the initial bite, will he or shehave immunity to the venom, or should the person get another shotof antivenom? Justify your response with an explanation of the typeof immunity someone gains from a shot of antibodies.
A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This observation is the result of A. antibodydiversity.B. isotypeswitching.C. allelicexclusion.D. affinitymaturation.E. randomVJgenerearrangement.
An infant appears healthy until about 9 months of age, when he develops severe bacterial infections, one after another. Fortunately, theinfections are treated successfully with antibiotics. When infectedwith the measles and other viral diseases, the infant recovers withoutunusual difficulty. Explain the different immune responses to theseinfections. Why did it take so long for this disorder to become apparent? (Hint: Consider IgG.)
1.A given B cell expresses only maternally or paternally derived heavy chains but never both. This observation is the result of A. antibodydiversity.B. isotypeswitching.C. allelicexclusion.D. affinitymaturation.E. randomVJgenerearrangement. 2.Which of the following antibody classes or isotypes facilitate the sequential binding of the C1, C4, C2, and C3 components of the complement system? A. IgAandIgD B. IgAandIgE C. IgDandIgM D. IgE and IgG E. IgMandIgG
Describe humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.Include in your answer the types of immune cells involvedin each, the location of antibodies and receptors that bindforeign antigens, the mechanisms by which invading cellsare destroyed, and the role of helper T cells in facilitatingboth responses.
55) A 48 year old man who emigrated from India comes to the physician because of a 6 month history of scale, well demarcated rash on his forehaed . Physical examinationhypopigmented rash with anesthetic cewnter over the left side of the forehead. A biopsy speciment of the affected skin shows clusters of epithelialcwels and occassional ginatcells surrounded by lymphocyteswith rare acid fast bacilli. Which of the following cytokine patterns is most likely exhibited by CD 4+ T-lymphocyte clones responding to this infection A) Interleukin-1( IL-1) and Il-8 (B) IL-2 and interferon gamma (C) IL-4 and IL-10 (D) Il-5 and IL-12 (E) IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Rh-D negative individuals generatean immunne response when they are exposed to the Rh-D antigen. However, imcompatibility in the ABO blood group system occurs naturally in the absenceof exposure to the Aor B antigen in the blood from another individuals. Why do individuals produce an immune response the first time they encounnter the A or B antigen as an adult?
True/False: Antibody binding to a pathogen surface is greatly enhanced when both antigen-binding sites of the antibody are engaged at once, a feature known as bivalent binding. It is possible for antibodies to bind bivalently to a wide variety of components on many different pathogen surfaces due to the flexibility in the protein at the hinge region and at the V–C junction.
Approximately 70% of immune system cells are located inthe wall of the lower digestive tract (intestines). Can you suggest a reason for this phenomenon?
Based on the constant region of the antibodies there are only five iso-types of the antibodies, while millions of different “V” region domains in the variable part of the antibodies.