explain why that secondary response can be faster than a primary response.

Q: Briefly explain about Two types of Immunomodulators(Immunosuppressant and Immunostimulant)

A: Immunomodulators These drugs redesign the immune system and are used in immune therapy. The common…

Q: Describe the function of both T and B memory cells in the immune response. What type of immunity do…

A: Memory cells are responsible for the adaptive immune system.  Memory T cells: At resting state, it…

Q: This diagram shows components of an immune response. Secondary Immune Response Secondary exposure…

A: The time difference between primary and secondary immune response is that in primary response, it is…

Q: in lymphocytes when there is an increase in production of immunoglobulins, manifested by ER…

A: The endoplasmic reticulum is the largest membrane bound essential organelle in eukaryotic cells…

Q: Which part of an antibody influences it's biological function

A: Answer: Introduction: Antibody is also known as immunoglobulin, a protein formed by the immune…

Q: Discuss three differences between antigen and antibodies Explain the structure of the antibody…

A: Answer 1 :  The three Difference between antigen and antibodies are as follows :  1.  Origin :…

Q: Which of the antibodies has a short lifespan and function mainly in aiding phagocytes by causing…

A: This function is carried out by the immune system. Immunity is divided into innate and adaptive.…

Q: Inflammation is the hallmark of an activated immune response. Explain how inflammation is triggered…

A: When the immune system of the body response to any trigger or irritant then it is called…

Q: B) Complement system activation and elimination of a bacterial pathogen "Map the activation of the…

A: The complement system is a part of the body's defence system that enhances the ability of antibodies…

Q: Gene region/segment which dictates the antibody class formed by a given B cell. Heavy Chain C exons…

A: Antibodies are the immunoglobins, i.e. Y Y-shaped proteins used by the immune system to respond to…

Q: Based on the constant region of the antibodies there are only five iso-types of the antibodies,…

A: Antibodies are the Y-shaped large molecules that combine with the antigen for neutralizing…

Q: This diagram shows components of an immune response. Secondary Immune Response Secondary exposure…

A: Immunity is a state  generated inside the body such that a body is unaffected by particular disease…

Q: The___________ act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response. cytokines macrophages

A: Different cells communicate with each other through cell signaling process. Cell signaling is the…

Q: Describe an antibody-mediated response.

A: Introduction  Our immune system plays key role in defence against harmful foreign particles be it…

Q: State why an antibody is represented as H2L2 .

A: Antibodies are produced by B-lymphocytes which are specific for the antigens. In the body there are…

Q: Explain why most immune reactions result in a polyclonal collection of antibodies.

A: Polyclonal antibodies are synthesized by injecting an immunogen into an animal (mouse) and the…

Q: Smallpox has been widely reported as a possible bioterror weapon. Given what you know about the…

A: Smallpox virus could be act as an bioterror weapon and it is said that in second world war it is…

Q: Can Ab. Act as antigens? Explain why.

A: Antibodies are immunoglobulins that fight against the foreign particles that invade our bodies. They…

Q: Some bacterial cells avoid the killing effects of activated complement proteins. How might they do…

A: In the destruction of pathogenic organisms by directing the antibodies towards the destruction of…

Q: The least abundant immunoglobulin is IgE, for a good reason. Explain what the reason might be

A: Immune responses can be either innate or adaptive. Innate immunity is the inborn resistance, while…

Q: Compare and contrast innate and adaptive immunity. Include three similarities in terms of cell…

A: Answer.  Three similarities between innate and adaptive immune system are given in the following…

Q: During the adaptive immune responses, the lymphocytes will clone themselves in massive numbers.…

A: DNA replication is the cycle by which DNA makes a duplicate of itself during cell division.  The…

Q: Patients with DiGeorge syndrome may fail to produce IgG in response to immunization with T-dependent…

A: Introduction:- DiGeorge Syndrome is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterised by aberrant…

Q: Describe how the structure of immunoglobulins is related to their function

A: Antibodies, the antigen-binding glycoproteins are synthesized exclusively by B-cells and in billions…

Q: ribe the reason that it is useful that antibodies have two antigen binding arms.

A: By the time B lymphocytes reach lymphoid tissue, they have developed their own set of antigens. This…

Q: Diagram of MHC Class Label the diagram of the membrane-bound histocompatibility complex molecule,…

A: MHC stands for major histocompatibility complex. Genes of MHC are located on chromosome six in…

Q: True or False: The most abundant type of antibody, IgG, is the first to respond to an invading…

A: Antibody - Antibody is defined as the Y - shaped protein. Antibody is also called as Immunoglobulin.…

Q: Describe the role of non- specific macrophages and explain the structure of an antibody molecule.

A: The immune system of the body protects the organisms from the harmful pathogen. Pathogens are the…

Q: your own personal understanding, why are complements important in cellular and humoral mediated…

A: The humoral immunity is referred to as immunity from the antibody. B cells can differentiate into…

Q: Contrast cell – mediated immunity with antibody – mediated immunity. Make sure to note: which cells…

A: Immunity is defined as the power of an organism to protect itself from a foreign pathogen or an…

Q: Match the class of antibody with its appropriate structure/function. 1st choice This dimeric…

A: Different Ig molecules different shapes. IgD,IgG and IdE are monomers.IgA is dimer.Ig M is pentamer.

Q: In some cases, such as with bacterial capsules that have large antigens with repeating…

A: The bacterial capsule is made up of polysaccharides that protect the cell wall, which is composed of…

Q: Immune System Term Building Write the meaning of the root/prefix/suffix highlighted in each term..…

A: A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they create that aids in the body's…

Q: activated Tc and Th cells vaccines natural immunity inflammation

A: The image was attached and answers were given in BLOCK letters in the image. In general, host…

Q: In the cell-mediated immune response, there are three types of T cells produced. What are they, and…

A: Cell-mediated immunity is a branch of acquired immunity, aims to eliminate the antigen. It is…

Q: the condition aplastic anemia is characterized by complete failure of the bone marrow to produce…

A: Bone marrow is the spongy substance found in the center of the bones of the body, in adults mainly…

Q: explain antigen-antibody complexs that is formed and how these were visible

A: An antigen is an agent that provokes the immune response in the host. The antigen is categorized…

Q: Explain why each choice (a-d) is correct or incorrect. Allergens differ from antigens because a.…

A: Allergns are the substances which are responsible for causing the allergy to the host.

Q: n a table, illustrate the differences between natural, artificial, active and passive immunity with…

A: Microorganisms are always surrounding humans, looking for an opportunistic host. These viruses have…

Q: How many peptide chains (protein strands) and how many domains are present in this crystal structure…

A: Antibodies, the antigen-binding glycoproteins are synthesized exclusively by B-cells and in billions…

Q: The redness and swelling associated with an inflammatory response is caused by * secretion of…

A: Immune system deals with the handling of antigens which enter in our body.

Q: TRUE/FALSE Decide whether each of these statements is true or false, and then explain why. Because a…

A: -Antibodies can be described as immunoglobulins which are the large y-shaped proteins, they identify…

Q: The complement system of defense is composed of proteins that are always present in the blood. Which…

A: The complement system of defense is composed of proteins that are always present in the blood. The…

Q: Complement could be one example of a ?????, one of the three types of defenses employed by the…

A: Complement : The complement system also known as complement cascade is a part of the immune system…

Q: Antibodies designed to interact with a specific antigensite are (monoclonal, polyclonal).

A: Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins. These are also known as immunoglobulins.  Antibodies identify the…

Q: How antibody specificity emerges from molecular structure.

A: Introduction: Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes are molecules that help to fight against the…

Q: . Inflammation is the hallmark of an active immune response.Explain how inflammation is triggered by…

A: Inflammation is important for immune system response during infection and wound. It is the way the…

Q: Table/Graph attached below. 1. Analyze the data provided and answer the following: a) Compare your…

A: Antigen- A substance that induces the immune system to produce antibodies against it is called an…

Q: The complement system is an important part of our defense against infections, describe three ways in…

A: The immune system checks the body for infections or problem-causing chemicals and fights any harmful…

Immunology

Immunology is the division of science involved with the immune reactions occurring in living organisms. The organisms are accustomed to evolving internal defense mechanisms to evade the invasion of microbial pathogens. Diverse cells are connected with stimulating the immune responses, which produce inhospitable conditions to the microbes prompting their lysis and thus inhibits the multiplication of the pathogens. The immune system can distinguish the pathogens through the aid of cellular intercommunication and launch responses to destroy them.