For each of the following genotypes, explain how mutation (identified by a (-) will affect the organism grown in lactose medium. Indicate whether a) B-galactosidase will be synthesized or not, b) synthesis of B-galactosidase is inducible (1) or constitutive (C) and c) growth of the organism will occur or not. a. I-P+O+Z+Y+A+ b. I+P-O+Z+Y+A+ c. I+P+O-Z+Y+A+ d. I+P+O-Z+Y+A+/l+P+O+Z-Y-A- e. I-P+O+Z+Y+A+/l+P-O+Z+Y+A+
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- Is there a way to classify or identify the tests needed in order to differentiate C12H22O11 and galactose from each other?Let’s suppose you make a transposon library of the cellulose-secreting bacterium Komagataeibacter xylinus, with the goal of finding mutants that produce higher than normal amounts of cellulose, which would be useful industrially. However, despite your best efforts you are unable to isolate any transposon mutants that make more cellulose than the wild-type strain.Why might this have failed? List as many reasons as you can think of.What is/are the possible genotype(s) of an individual who is lactose tolerant?
- How many of these strains of E. coli would have no ß-galactosidase activity?If this molecule can inhibit toxic effects at 0.5mM against gastric carcinoma cells, does it mean that the dimer of this nucleoside analogue will exhibit an IC50 of about 0.25mM?For E. coli strains with the lac genotypes show below, use a plus sign (+) to indicate the synthesis of β-galactosidase and permease and a minus sign (–) to indicate no synthesis of the proteins.
- As we focused on the translation of mRNA into proteins as well as on protein structure and function. Along the way, we found many opportunities to consider the methods and reasoning by which much of this informationwas acquired. From the explanations given in the chapter,what answers would you propose to the following fundamentalquestion How do we know, based on studies of Neurospora nutritionalmutations, that one gene specifies one enzyme?In a-c below, will the residue on the right-hand side increase or decrease the pKa of the residue on the left-hand side? Explain.The majority of bacterial mutations that need isoleucine also require valine for growth. Why? Which enzyme or process would be deficient in a mutant that requires solely isoleucine for growth (rather than valine)?
- What happens in the absence of tryptophan in the 2-3 configuration?What is a cavity mutant? Which sites in the L121A/L133A mutants demonstrated higher mobility of the nitroxide label? What is special about these locations? Does this fit with what you know about secondary structure?Identify the following by describing their functions: EF-G, EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-P, and peptidyl transferase