For the following problems a) Calculate the ASuniverse and the AG, b) predict whether the process is spontaneous, reverse spontaneous, or in equilibrium. Show your complete solution 1. Ammonia at 25°C N2(g) 191.5 + 3H2(g) 2 131.0 2NH3(g) 193.0 AH°am = 92.6 kJ/mol S°(J/Kmol): 2. Water to steam at 163°C. H2O2(1) 109.6 H2O2(g) AH°ren= 51.5 kJ/mol 232.9 S°(J/K«mol): 3. Reaction at 350°C. NH3(g) + HCI(g) → NH.CI(s) 187.0 AH°xm = -176.8 kJ/mol S°(J/Kmol): 193.0 94.56

For the following problems a) Calculate the ASuniverse and the AG, b) predict whether the process is spontaneous, reverse spontaneous, or in equilibrium. Show your complete solution 1. Ammonia at 25°C N2(g) 191.5 + 3H2(g) 2 131.0 2NH3(g) 193.0 AH°am = 92.6 kJ/mol S°(J/Kmol): 2. Water to steam at 163°C. H2O2(1) 109.6 H2O2(g) AH°ren= 51.5 kJ/mol 232.9 S°(J/K«mol): 3. Reaction at 350°C. NH3(g) + HCI(g) → NH.CI(s) 187.0 AH°xm = -176.8 kJ/mol S°(J/Kmol): 193.0 94.56

Chemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781133611097

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl

Chapter17: Spontaneity, Entropy, And Free Energy

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 4ALQ: What types of experiments can be carried out to determine whether a reaction is spontaneous? Does...

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In a spontaneous process, S(universe) is (a) 0 (b) = 0 (c) 0
On the basis of your experience, predict which of the following reactions are spontaneous. (a) CO2(s)CO2(g) at 25C (b) NaCl(s)NaCl(l) at 25C (c) 2NaCl(s)2Na(s)+Cl2(g)(d) CO2(g)C(s)+O2(g)
Estimate the temperature range over which each of the following reactions is spontaneous. (a) 2Al(s)+3Cl2(g)2AlCl3(s) (b) 2NOCl(g)2NO(g)+Cl2(g) (c) 4NO(g)+6H2O(g)4NH3(g)+5O2(g) (d) 2PH3(g)3H2(g)+2P(g)
Many plastic materials are organic polymers that contain carbon and hydrogen. The oxidation of these plastics in air to farm carbon dioxide and water is a spontaneous process; however, plastic materials tend to persist in the environment. Explain.
What types of experiments can be carried out to determine whether a reaction is spontaneous? Does spontaneity have any relationship to the final equilibrium position of a reaction? Explain.
At 298 K, G = 70.52 kJ for the reaction 2NO(g) + O2(g) 2NO2(g) (a) Calculate _G at the same temperature when PNO = 1.0 104 atm, PO2=2.0103 atm, and PNO2=0.30 atm. (b) Under the conditions in part a, in which direction is the reaction spontaneous?
Thermite reactions have been used for welding metal parts such as railway rails and in metal refining. One such thermite reaction is Fe2O3(s)+2Al(s)Al2O3(s)+2Fe(s). Is the reaction spontaneous at room temperature under standard conditions? During the reaction, the surroundings absorb 851.8 kJ/mol of heat.
Consider the decomposition of red mercury(II) oxide under standard state conditions.. 2HgO(s,red)2Hg(l)+O2(g) (a) Is the decomposition spontaneous under standard state conditions? (b) Above what temperature does the reaction become spontaneous?
Chemists and engineers who design nuclear power plants have to worry about high-temperature reactions because it is possible for water to decompose. (a) Under what conditions does this reaction occur spontaneously? 2H2O(g) 2H2(g) + O2(g) (b) Under conditions where the decomposition of water is spontaneous, do nuclear engineers have to worry about an oxygen/hydrogen explosion? Justify your answer.
The evaporation of one mole of water at 298 K has a standard free allergy change of 8.58 kJ. H2O(l)H2O(g)G298=8.58kJ (a) Is the evaporation of water under standard thermodynamic conditions spontaneous?. (b) Determine the equilibrium constant, KP, for this physical process. (c) By calculating G, determine if the evaporation of water at 298 K is spontaneous when the partial pressure of water, PH2O, is 0.011 atm.. (d) If the evaporation of water were always nonspontaneous at room temperature, wet laundry would never dry when placed outside. In order for laundry to dry, what must be the value of PH2O in the air?
Liquid water at 25C is introduced into an evacuated, insulated vessel. Identify the signs of the following thermodynamic functions for the process that occurs: H, S, Twater, Ssurr,, Suniv.
The free energy change, G, for a process at constant temperature and pressure is related to Suniv and reflects the spontaneity of the process. How is G related to Suniv? When is a process spontaneous? Nonspontaneous? At equilibrium? G is a composite term composed of H, T, and S. What is the G equation? Give the four possible sign combinations for H and S. What temperatures are required for each sign combination to yield a spontaneous process? If G is positive, what does it say about the reverse process? How does the G = H TS equation reduce when at the melting-point temperature of a solid-to-liquid phase change or at the boiling-point temperature of a liquid-to-gas phase change? What is the sign of G for the solid-to-liquid phase change at temperatures above the freezing point? What is the sign of G for the liquid-to-gas phase change at temperatures below the boiling point?

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