Glutamate dehydrogenase functions to produce ammonia for the urea cycle. Use the standard reduction potentials and the half-reaction: a-ketoglutarate + NH4+ + 2 e¯ → glutamate + H20 Write the two half-reactions and the overall reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase. What is Aɛ°'?
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- Including the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase step (CPS I) and the four steps of the urea cycle, how many ATP equivalents (phosphoanhydride bonds) are utilized to drive the formation of one urea molecule?Citrullene is a special amino acid that is used in the urea cycle and as a precursor for synthesis of the aminoacid Arg in the body. In which category would you place citrullene? Explain.What is the end product of catabolism of the pyrimidine base thymine? What circumstances cause excess amounts of this end product, and why doesn’t this molecule (unlike uric acid, the end product of purine catabolism) cause a gout-like illness?
- If aspartate is labeled with deuterium D (= H-2 = 12H), answer questions a-c to determine where the label will end up in oxaloacetate after the involvement of aspartate in the urea cycle.Explain the chemical change that occurs in converting kynurenine (a product of tryptophan degradation) to kynurenate, a reaction in which α-ketoglutarate is transformed to glutamate.Dihydrouracil and β-ureidopropionate (N-carbamoyl–β-alanine) are intermediates in the conversion of uracil to β-alanine. Provide the structures of the molecules in this pathway.
- Why Alpha-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (a-KGDH) called deficiency? What are the probable causes? Explain.Assume that all carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both alanine and aspartate are labelled with radioisotopes. Then, the radioisotope-labelled alanine and aspartate molecules areallowed to undergo metabolism in the liver. All carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms in both ureaand glutamine are found to be labelled with radioisotopes. Please write down the metabolic reactions that lead to the incorporation of radioisotope-labelled carbon and nitrogen atoms into urea and glutamine.The purinosome contains enzymes that convert the serine hydroxymethylgroup to the formyl group of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate. Write a balancedequation for each reaction in this conversion.
- What are the possivble oxidation product of catalase using H2O2 as the substrate? Explain in 1-3 sentencesThe sucrose substitute tagatose is produced by hydrolyzing lactose and then chemically converting one of the two resulting aldoses to a ketose. Which residue of lactose gives rise to tagatose?What are the measures to inhibit the Maillard reaction in undesirable situations. please explain detailed