Happened? (There are at least expla 2. Drugs with names that end in "-mab" consist of anti- bodies, and the research that yields these medications typically begins with mice. A mouse is injected with a molecule of interest: a human cytokine, for example, or a receptor implicated in cancer. The resulting antibody- mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. B cells are harvested from the mouse's spleen, fused with cancerous B cells, and then cloned-isolated and cultivated sepa- rately. Each of the resulting cell lines produces identical antibodies that bind to one part of the injected molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and studied for use as drugs. Monoclonal antibodies can be effective drugs, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but mono- clonals delivered in passive immuniza- tion often last for less than a week. Why the difference? A

Happened? (There are at least expla 2. Drugs with names that end in "-mab" consist of anti- bodies, and the research that yields these medications typically begins with mice. A mouse is injected with a molecule of interest: a human cytokine, for example, or a receptor implicated in cancer. The resulting antibody- mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. B cells are harvested from the mouse's spleen, fused with cancerous B cells, and then cloned-isolated and cultivated sepa- rately. Each of the resulting cell lines produces identical antibodies that bind to one part of the injected molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and studied for use as drugs. Monoclonal antibodies can be effective drugs, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but mono- clonals delivered in passive immuniza- tion often last for less than a week. Why the difference? A

Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)

4th Edition

ISBN:9781305389892

Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Publisher:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan

Chapter45: Defenses Against Disease

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 14TYK

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role of cytokines in the immune system? Why are they important for coordinating how the immune system fights threats?
Labster - Antibodies: Why are some blood types incompatible?
Immune System (A&P II) In humans, the mother's antibodies do not cross from the baby's gut into the bloodstream. Yet human breast milk contains antibodies and does protect against intestinal infections. Discuss how these antibodies might work.
For many years it was a complete mystery howcytotoxic T cells could see a viral protein that seemed to bepresent only in the nucleus of the virus-infected cell. Theanswer was revealed in a classic paper that took advan-tage of a clone of T cells whose T cell receptor was directedagainst an antigen assoicated with the nuclear protein ofthe 1968 strain of influenza virus. The authors of the paperfound that when they incubated high concentrations ofcertain peptides derived from the viral nuclear protein, thecells became sensitive to lysis by subsequent incubationwith the cytotoxic T cells. Using various peptides from the1968 strain and the 1934 strain (with which the cytotoxic Tcells did not react), the authors defined the particular pep-tide responsible for the T cell response (Figure Q24–1).A. Which part of the viral protein gives rise to thepeptide that is recognized by the clone of cytotoxic T cells? Why do not all viral peptides sensitize the target cells forlysis by the cytotoxic T…
Immune system of humans a) Secreted B cell receptors can function as opsonins. b) MHC class II molecules can be found on the surface of nearly every cell of the body. c) The membrane attack complex (MAC) is used by natural killer cells to eliminate virus infected host cells. d) Both (a) and (b) are correct and (c) is incorrect e) Statements (a), (b) and (c) are all correct
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Ataxia-telangiectasis (ATM) is a rare genetic neurodegenerative disease. About 20% of people with ATM develop acute lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoma, cancers of the immune-system cells. Cells in many of these cancers exhibit chromosome rearrangements, with chromosome breaks occurring at antibody and T-cell-receptor genes (A. L. Bredemeyer et al. 2006. Nature 442:466–470). Many people with ATM also have a weakened immune system, which makes them susceptible to respiratory infections. Research has shown that the locus that causes ATM has a role in the repair of double-strand breaks. Explain why people who have a genetic defect in the repair of doublestrand breaks might have a high incidence of chromosome rearrangements in their immune-system cells and why their immune systems might be weakened.
Tuberculosis is a chronic respiratory condition caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a high contagious bacterium. People with tuberculosis will often have a persistent (sometimes bloody) cough, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. M. tuberculosis produces a protein we will call “X”. A new test for tuberculosis checks for X antibodies in a person’s blood. If the antibodies are present, the result is “positive.” Why would X antibodies be present in someone’s blood? What specific kind of cells would produce them?
You can choose one or more than one option Antibodies: IMMUNOLOGY basic have two identical antigen-binding sites. consist of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. are secreted by plasma cells are produced by T lymphocytes during adaptive immune response can bind their constant heavy chain region to phagocytes Which of the following proteins are transmembrane proteins? CELL BIOLOGY basic integrin oestrogen receptor phospholipase C adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase growth factor receptor What are the correct statements? MOLECULAR BIOLOGY advanced A mutation located within a promoter can change the gene expression. An mRNA can be differentially spliced according to the tissue. RNA transcribed by the RNA polymerase II are translated The end of the transcription process requires a specific DNA sequence A reverse transcriptase can polymerise either a DNA or an RNA strand. Which of the following cells kill other cells by exocytosis of…
Question:- Unlike B cells, T cells do not engage in any of the following processes except a. alternative splicing to produce a secreted form of the T-cell receptor b. isotype switching c. somatic hypermutation d. somatic recombination Activated T cells express _____, which binds to B7 with 20 times higher affinity than CD28 and results in _____ of T-cell activity and proliferation. a. high-affinity IL-2 receptor; stimulation b. CD40L; suppression c. CTLA-4; stimulation d. CTLA-4; suppression.
The concept that antibody responses to a second immunization or infection with a pathogen is faster, but did not explain how that quick response is achieved. Using references to specific proteins, explain why that secondary response can be faster than a primary response. Explain how they work and how they are related to the phenomenon.
waning immunity occurring with vaccinations. Why does this happen?