HIV can only infect T-helper cells because their protein spikes only recognize those cells. This is an example of the virus exhibiting _________.
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HIV can only infect T-helper cells because their protein spikes only recognize those cells. This is an example of the virus exhibiting _________.
a.
None of the above
b.
host specificity
c.
tissue tropism
d.
membrane fusion
e.
virulence
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- a cytokint storm is an overproduction of immune cells and their activating compounds- cytokines can be caused by? a. flu viruses and covid-19 b. covid-19 only c. flu viruses only d. all choices are correct e. a coontagious bacterial disease onlyWhich of the following best explains why vaccination of humans against rabies can be delayed until after exposure to a potential source of infection? A) Antibody responses are more rapid than those against other viruses B) T lymphocyte responses are more rapid than those against other viruses C) The virus does not infect any cells for several weeks or months D) The virus does not reach i target organ for several weeks or monthsWhich of the following would not help a virus avoid triggeringan adaptive immune response?(A) having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins(B) infecting cells that produce very few MHC molecules(C) producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses(D) infecting and killing helper T cells
- Symptoms of viral infections are caused by: (choose all that apply) A. Actions of the virus that result in cell damage or death B. Actions of the immune system that result in cell damage or death C. Changes in a cell's genetics that result in cancere) Bats have been implicated as the source of many viruses against which humans have a difficult time mounting an effective immune response. Interestingly, flight plays an important role. i) Describe and explain i) the role that flight plays in creating these kinds of viruses, ii) how the viruses cross over into humans, and iii) why our immune response has a more difficult time mounting an effective response against themOne reason that pathogenic microorganisms have an advantage in the host they infect is because they _______. a. have previously been encountered through natural exposure b. have previously been encountered through vaccination c. strengthen the host’s immune response d. reproduce and evolve more rapidly than the host can eliminate them e. reproduce and evolve more slowly than the host can eliminate them.
- A mutation in the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has been detected in a strain that is quickly dominating the number of cases in the United States and Europe. What virulence factor function has been improved/selected for in this new variant? a. replication efficiency b. lysis of host cells c. cell toxicity d. attachment to cellsWhat do the following viral encephalitis diseases have incommon: eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encepha-litis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, WestNile fever?(a) They are all caused by the same virus.(b) They all have the horse as a common intermediatehost.(c) They are all transmitted into the body through the biteof an infected mosquito.(d) Birds are never involved in the life cycle of the virusesthat cause these diseases.(e) Both a and d.Sometimes Ab interferes with the attachment site on virions so they can't attach to a host cell. This process is_________ a. aggregation b. inactivation c. activation
- To date, there is no cure for HIV. Because of this, the will be present in an infected individual throughout their lifetime. This makes HIV a A.) latent disease. B.) zoonotic disease. C.) chronic disease. D.) nosocomial disease. E.) convalescent disease.Which of the following statements about noroviruses is false?a) They are the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in the United States.b) They have a low infectious dose.c) They generally cause vomiting lasting 1 to 2 weeks.d) Immunity does not last long.e) They are a category B bioterrorism agent.A virus with an envelope is most likely A. an animal virus B. better able to hide from the hosts immune system due to the envelope C. found only in plants D. A and B