Identify and draw different types of organic reaction mechanisms in the following metabolic pathways. 1. Catabolism of triacylglycerols-beta-oxidation pathway 2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA 3. Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate) 4. Conversion
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- Identify different types of organic reaction mechanims in the following metabolic pathways. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Gluconeogenesis pathway (pyruvate to glucose) Catabolism of triacylglycerols- beta-oxidation pathway Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate)Identify different types of organic reaction mechanism (SN1, SN2, etc.) and reaction types (Addition, elimination, etc ) in the following metabolic pathways. 1. Catabolism of triacylglycerols- beta-oxidation pathway 2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA 3. Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate) 4. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA 5. Citric acid cycle 6. Gluconeogenesis pathway (pyruvate to glucose)Identify at most 5 organic reactions for each metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways: 1. Catabolism of triacylglycerols- beta-oxidation pathway2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA3. Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate)4. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA5.Citric acid cycle6. Gluconeogensis pathway (pyruvate to glucose)
- A. Identify different types of organic reaction mechanims in the followingmetabolic pathways.1. Catabolism of triacylglycerols- beta-oxidation pathway2. Biosynthesis of fatty acids from Acetyl CoA3. Glycolysis (from glucose to two molecules of pyruvate)4. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA5.Citric acid cycle6. Gluconeogensis pathway (pyruvate to glucose) B. Identify at most 5 organic reactions for each metabolic pathway.Which of the following are required to begin the citric acid cycle? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices pyruvate oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA glucose pyruvate dehydrogenase What are the 2 main types of mechanisms involved in regulating the activity of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in response to the state of the cell/organism? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices isomerization hydration allosteric regulation induced fit covalent modification Which of the following are likely to negatively regulate (decrease) the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA? (select all that apply) Group of answer choices High levels of ATP Increased PDH kinase activity Influx of Ca2+ ions Insulin signaling High levels of NADHIdentify different types of organic reaction mechanims in the followingmetabolic pathways.1. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA2.Citric acid cycle3. Gluconeogensis pathway (pyruvate to glucose)
- If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acidcycle, how many ATPs will be derived from the complete metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energyyield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would bederived from the metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of isoleucine to CO2, H2O,and NH3? Of tyrosine?Many components of the glycolytic pathway and the citricacid cycle are direct exit or entry points to metabolic pathways ofother substances. Indicate another pathway available to the following compounds:(a) Fructose-6-phosphate(b) Oxaloacetate(c) Glucose-6-phosphate(d) Acetyl-CoA(e) Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate(f) -Ketoglutarate(g) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate(h) Succinyl-CoA(i) 3-Phosphoglycerate(j) Fumarate(k) Phosphoenolpyruvate(l) Citrate(m) PyruvateOne consequence of ethanol addiction is fatty liver disease, an illness in which liver cells accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerols, the esters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Ethanol is oxidized in the cytoplasm of liver cells by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase to yield acetate and 2 NADH. Acetate is then transported into the mitochondrion, where it is converted to acetyl-CoA and metabolized in the citric acid cycle. When alcohol is consumed in excessive quantities, the resulting high levels of NADH cause metabolic abnormalities, one of which is high levels of fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis, also a cytoplasmic process, uses acetyl-CoA as a substrate and NADPH as a reducing agent. Speculate about how a high level of cytoplasmic NADH provides a source of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis.
- The two main goals of the citric acid cycle are: (a) citrate synthesis and gluconeogenesis (b).degradation of acetyl-CoA to produce energy and supply precursors for anabolism (c).degradation of pyruvate to produce energy and supply precursors for anabolism (d).degradation of glucose to produce energy and supply precursors for anabolism (e).degradation of pyruvate to produce energy and synthesize oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesisAnabolic reactions like fatty acid synthesis are inherently endergonic and require exergonic driving forces to proceed forward. Which of the following statements correctly describes the thermodynamics at play in the substrate activation step of fatty acid synthesis and the importance of this step in downstream elongation of the fatty acid chain? (A) Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC1) provides free energy that powers the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA.(B) The formation of malonyl CoA is powered by the exergonic carboxylation of acetyl CoA.(C) The formation of a b-ketoacyl ACP in the first step of fatty acid synthesis is driven forward because b-ketoacyl synthase hydrolyzes ATP. (D) The addition of two carbons to the growing fatty acid chain is powered by malonyl ACP decarboxylation.(E) Decarboxylation of malonyl ACP is exergonic and the free energy that is released is coupled to ATP synthesis.Acetly CoA can quickly enter the citric acid cyle by joining with a C4 compound and forming citrate. Meanwhile, GTP (or ATP) is generated using inorganic phosphate while succinyl CoA is converted to succinate. What is the main reason both acetly CoA and succinyl CoA can perform such work? a. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both contain coenzyme A, which is a high-energy compound. b. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both form an unstable thioester bond with coenzyme A. c. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both bind with inorganic phosphate which is used to generate ATP (or GTP). d. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA both transiently form a covalent bond with the enzymes that catalyze the next reaction, pyruvate dehydrogenase and succinyl-CoA synthetase, respectively. e. Acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA use the energy collected from the electron transport chain.