If a constant c is added to each possible value of a discrete random variable X, then the expected value of X will be shifted by that same constant amount.   Prove that statement using an integration operator

Consider the following panel model to examine the effect of retirement on consumption expenditure, consit, of individual i over years t=1,…,3: (B1) log⁡(consit) = β0 + β1retiredit + β2ageit + β3marriedit + β4healthit + δ1Yr2t + δ2Yr3t + ai + uit Where: retiredit is a dummy variable equal to 1 if individual i is retired on year t and 0 otherwise ageit is the individual's age in years marriedit is an indicator variable for whether the individual is married (1) or not (0) in year t healthit is an indicator variable equal to 1 if the individual is in 'good health' and 0 otherwise Yr2 is a dummy variable equal to 1 in year t=2 and 0 otherwise Yr3 is a dummy variable equal to 1 in year t=3 and 0 otherwise Using the information above, answer the following 3 questions. [i] Give two (2) examples of the kind of variables captured by the term ai in Model (B1).  [ii] What is the crucial assumption we must make so that the random effects (RE) estimator is consistent? Under this assumption, why is…

Consider the residuals from regressing the daily closing value of the S&P 500 against daily volume of shares traded: CLOSE, Bo + B₁VOLUME + u = spe & -100 02001 Ja 01apr2001 012001 Da These residuals appear to be characterized by Positive autocorrelation Negative autocorrelation paraply No autocorrelation. 01002001 01j200

Consider an economy where each worker is employed in either agriculture or services. Assume that log earnings of a worker are wo = 4o + €o if she is employed in agriculture and wi = µ1+€1 if she is employed in services, where µo and H1 are constants, ɛo ~ N(0, o3), and e1 - N(0, o?). Assume also that the correlation between earnings in the two sectors is p = g01 where oo1 = Cov(Eo, E1). Workers can be employed in agriculture at no cost, but they incur a cost C = T exp(wo) if they choose to work in services. Finally, assume that workers maximize their net earnings. Each worker knows all the parameters relevant to her decision. (a) Derive a linear approximation of the equation that determines whether an individual chooses services or agriculture. Assume that C is small compared to exp(wo), so you can ignore the error involved in this approximation. (b) Define v = €1 chosen worker is employed in services as a function of z, where z = (Ho – H1 +7)/0,. (c) How does this probability change…