In a clinical trial for the use of Medicine X, patients were coded respectively. The assignment of each participant in to control or experimental group was decided using fishbowl method. What type of control to threat in internal validity was described in this scenario? O Differential selection O Randomization O Instrumentation O Homogenous selection
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- What is meant by the sample space of an experiment?What is an experiment?An article from the American Journal of Public Health reports the results from a randomized study designed to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention targeted to Hispanic/Latino men who identify as gay, bi-sexual or other men who have sex with men (MSM). A representative sample of 254 such men was randomized to be in either the intervention group (n=152, with 141 ultimately participating in the study) or the control group (n=152, with 147 ulitmately participating in the study). The primary outcome under study getting tested for HIV within the six-months following group assignment (randomization) among those who had been sexually active in this same six-month follow-up period. At six months of follow-up, 141 subjects in the intervention group reported having had sex (with men and/or women) since randomization. Of these 141 men, 114 had been tested for HIV since being randomized. At six months of follow-up, 147 subjects in the control group reported having had sex (with men…
- In a study made on the value of proctoscopy in diarrheal disorders of infancy, 82 randomly selected patients admitted to the University of Santo Tomas Hospital from May 1983 to July 1983 were studied. Of the 82 patients, 65 were cases of diarrhea and the remaining 17 patients served as the control. The diarrhea group had been classified into infectious and non-infectious based on the results of the bacteriologic and viral studies on fecal samples. The infectious group was further subdivided into toxigenic and tissue-invasive according to the etiologic agent isolated. All of the patients underwent improvised proctoscopy and the appearance of the rectal mucosa was noted. In the control group, 16 (94.1%) had pink rectal mucosa and only 1 (5.8%) was noted to have erythematous mucosa. Of the 9 patients belonging to the tissue-invasive subgroup, 8 (88.8%) had erythema and bleeding of the mucosa, while 1 (11%) had only erythema. In contrast, those in toxigenic diarrhea subgroup showed…In a survey by Bea et.al., it was found that 218 of 1,062 urban residents had a history of allergic disorder while 728 of 1,000 rural dwellers had no history of such disorder whatsoever. Using an alpha level of 0.10, determine if the proportion of urban and rural residents with a history of allergic disorder are different. Use the seven steps of hypothesis testing.Beard et al. (Lancet, 1982:455) described a randomised trial to determine if a low sodium diet was an effective substitute for pharmacological control of hypertension. 90 patients on medication for mild hypertension were allocated at random into two groups. The 45 participants in the intervention group (diet group) were encouraged to adopt a diet free from sodium. The other 45 participants (control group) were asked to continue their usual diet. All the participants were kept under close surveillance to see if it was possible to discontinue the medication for hypertension without detriment. In the diet group, medication was discontinued for 14 participants and in the control group for 4 participants.a) Draw a 2 by 2 table .b) Carry out a significance test to compare the intervention (diet group) and control group with respect to discontinuation of medication for hypertension.c) Write a brief report on your conclusion.
- Beard et al. (Lancet, 1982:455) described a randomised trial to determine if a low sodium diet was an effective substitute for pharmacological control of hypertension. 90 patients on medication for mild hypertension were allocated at random into two groups. The 45 participants in the intervention group (diet group) were encouraged to adopt a diet free from sodium. The other 45 participants (control group) were asked to continue their usual diet. All the participants were kept under close surveillance to see if it was possible to discontinue the medication for hypertension without detriment. In the diet group, medication was discontinued for 14 participants and in the control group for 4 participants. Draw a 2 by 2 table Carry out a significance test to compare the intervention (diet group) and control group with respect to discontinuation of medication for hypertension Write a brief report on your conclusion.A cancer research group surveys a random sample of 400 women more than forty years old to test the hypothesis that 30% in this age group have regularly scheduled mammograms. Test if this hypothesis should be rejected at a 5% significance level if 140 women in the sample respond affirmatively?As a part of an industrial training program, some trainees are instructed by Method A, which isstraight teaching-machine instruction, and some are instructed by Method B, which also involvesthe personal attention of an instructor. Random samples of size 10 are taken from large groupsof trainees instructed by each of these two methods, and the scores they obtained in anappropriate achievement test are shown in Table 5. Use 0.05 level of significance to test the claimthat Method B is more effective. Assume that the populations sampled can be approximatedclosely with normal distribution having the same variance. Method A 71 75 65 69 73 66 68 71 74 68 Method B 72 77 84 78 69 70 77 73 65 75
- Elizon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., announced the results of its first human trial of NPI 32101, a topical form of its skin ointment. A total of 225 patients diagnosed with skin irritations were randomly divided into three groups as part of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to test the effectiveness of the new topical cream. The first group received a 0.5% cream, the second group received a 1.0% cream, and the third group received a placebo. Groups were treated twice daily for a 6-week period. (a)What type of experimental design is this? (b)What is the control group for this study? (c)What is the factor that is set to predetermined levels? What is the treatment? (d)What does it mean for this study to be double-blind? (e)Identify the experimental units. (f)Draw a diagram to illustrate the design.Many elementary school students in a school district currently have ear infections. A random sample of children in two different schools found that 15 of 42 at one school and 22 of 40 at the other have ear infections. At the level of significance, is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that a difference exists between the proportions of students who have ear infections at the two schools?In randomized, double-blind clinical trials of a new vaccine, rats were randomly divided into two groups. Subjects in group 1 received the new vaccine while subjects in group 2 received a control vaccine. After the second dose, 111 of 670 subjects in the experimental group (group 1) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. After the second dose, 68 of 551 of the subjects in the control group (group 2) experienced drowsiness as a side effect. Does the evidence suggest that a higher proportion of subjects in group 1 experienced drowsiness as a side effect than subjects in group 2 at the α=0.05 level of significance? a. Find the test statistic for this hypothesis test. Round to two decimal places as needed.
