In the indicated tissues, how will each process or the activity of each enzyme below be affected by the signal sent upon Glucagon secretion? Use an up (1) or down (1) arrow or NC (no change). (Hint: Decide what pathways will be up-regulated first, then look at the enzymes below!)
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- Given the nature of the hormonal activation of lipases, what carbohydrate pathways would be activated or inhibited under the same conditions?Fatty acids appear to stimulate insulin secretion to a much greater extent when glucose is also present. Why is this significant?Write a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements.(a) In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cAMP. Although you might expect glucagon to stimulate catabolism of the glucose formed as well, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver.(b) An individual with a glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency suffers fromchronic hypoglycemia.(c) The action of phosphorylase kinase simultaneously activates glycogenbreakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis.(d) The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is essential to the function of the liver in synthesizing glucose for use by other tissues.
- Glucagon facilitates the adaptation of our body to fasting. Which enzymes of glucides (carbohydrates) metabolism are regulated, directly or undirectly, in response to the secretion of glucagon by pancreas?.If removal of the pancreas results in a variety of metabolic disturbances that ultimately lead to death, describe the most significant biochemical and physiological changes that would occur due to loss of endocrine function of the pancreas.when would the concentration of pancreatic amylase in your body be at the highest? when would it be at the lowest? explain your reas
- What is the function of each of the following substances: AMPK, lipoprotein lipase, and hormone sensitive lipase?A patient has a defective liver FBPase-2 enzyme, the enzyme that converts F2,6P into F6P. This enzyme is inactive. What effect would this have on the differential regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver cells? How would this affect a person’s ability to respond appropriately to a low blood sugar state? What about a high blood sugar state?Which TCA component is syphoned off to increase glucose production via gluconeogenesis when glucose consumed levels are low?
- Which of the following statements about insulin istrue?a. Insulin acts as a transport protein, carryingglucose across the cell membrane.b. Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellularglucose transporters to the cell membrane.c. Insulin stimulates the breakdown of storedglycogen into glucose.d. Insulin stimulates the kidneys to reabsorbglucose into the bloodstreamDescribe the principal functions of the two major groups of adreno-cortical steroids, the glucocorticoids, and the mineralocorticoids. To what extent do these names provide clues to their function?Write the equation for the action of Pancreatin (lipase) on a molecule of Tristearin.