"Match the gluconeogenic precursor to the type of reaction(s) that bring it to gluconeogenesis as pyruvate" (answer choices for all drop down menus are: "alanine", "lactate", "glycerol", and "glutamine")
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"Match the gluconeogenic precursor to the type of reaction(s) that bring it to gluconeogenesis as pyruvate"
(answer choices for all drop down menus are: "alanine", "lactate", "glycerol", and "glutamine")
![Match the gluconeogenic precursor to the type of reaction(s) that
bring it to gluconeogenesis as pyruvate.
transamination
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oxidation
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phosphorylation and
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oxidation
anaplerosis and cataplerosis
[ Choose ]
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- Complete oxidation of a 16-carbon fatty acid can yield 129 molecules of ATP Study Figure 19.2 and determine how many ATP molecules would be generated if a 16-carbon fatly acid were metabolized solely by the TCA cycle, in the form of S acetyl-CoA molecules.Starting with pyruvate (CH3COCOO—) as the precursor, the first step of gluconeogenesis is activation of pyruvate. Show the reaction for activation of pyruvate. Name the enzyme and coenzyme for this reaction. Why is the activation step necessary? What is the next step after the activation step?The first step of gluconeogenesis involves the carboxylation of pyruvate and has a large negative delta G (i.e very exergonic). Explain how it is possible that this step can be exergonic if we know that adding CO2 onto molecules is fundamentally a destabilizing phenomenon?
- Glucose is converted to pyruvate in glycolysis, yielding a netsynthesis of 2 ATP. In certain cells pyruvate can be reconverted to glucose during gluconeogenesis. How many ATPsare required to convert pyruvate back to glucose?Define GLUCONEOGENESIS. Give three reasons why is gluconeogenesis important in the Cori cycle?The glycerol derived from lipolysis of triacylglycerols is converted into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, which then enters into step 6 of the glycolysis pathway. What further transformations are necessary to convert glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into pyruvate?
- If glutamate were labeled with C-14 at the delta-carbon and added via transamination to the citric acid cycle to produce alpha-ketoglutarate, how long would it take for the compounds containing C-14 to be reduced by 25% (assume 10 seconds per turn of the cycle)?What structurtal property of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids prevents oxidation of these compounds by the β-oxidation pathway? what additional types of reactions are needed?Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are huge enzymes consisting of three discrete enzymatic activities. Which amino acids require a related enzyme complex, and what is the name of the enzyme?
- For the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, please identify the oxidation states of every atom and prove whether the reaction is oxidized or not Pyruvate --> Hydroxyethyl TPP B. Hydroexythl TPP --> Acetyl Lipoylysine C. Acetyl Lipoylysine --> Acetyl-CoAThe conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is the only oxidative reaction of glycolysis. True or false?The “bridge reaction”, using pyruvate dehydrogenase, is highly exergonic and is essentially irreversible. Name the 3 outcomes (name any activated carriers produced, name the molecule that is produced from losing one carbon atom from pyruvate, and name any modification to the remaining two carbon compound of interest ) of the separate enzyme activities found within the large dehydrogenase complex.