Laboratory 2.1 - Multi-bytes Integer Addition using Subroutines Objective: The objective of this laboratory is to get students familiar with the way to extend the limited arithmetic capabilities of the MC8051 using software and structured coding by the utilization of appropriate subroutines. The purpose of this lab is to program the MC8051 to add multi bytes two signed integers. To simplify our laboratory, we will assume three bytes long (24 bits) signed integers. Each of the three bytes will be defined in three consecutive code memory bytes using the "DB" assembler directive and the little endian format. The program will store the answer in three consecutive internal data memory bytes starting at Ram address 40H. The program will also display the answer on PO, P1, and P2 staring with the LS Byte in P0. Port 3 pin 0 (P3.0) will be set if an overflow takes place. otherwise it will stay cleared. The implementation will employ two subroutines to make advantage of the repeated code blocks. Steps: 1. First, configure your code and data memory. The "MAIN:" program starts at code memory location 30H. The first integer uses code memory locations 100H, 101H, and 102H in the Intel MC8051 little endian format (least significant byte stored at the low address). The second integer uses code memory locations 105H, 106H, and 107H. 2. Second, configure parallel port 0, port 1, port 2, and P3.0 for output (write 0 in the port once during initialization). Write and debug the code to add the two integers and store the answer in internal data memory locations 40H, 41H, and 42H. Update P0, P1, and P2 to display the same addition result. Flag an overflow condition on P3.1 by setting it. 3. Third, rewrite the program utilizing two subroutines to make use of the repeated code blocks. Define the created two subroutines sequentially after the main program before the program "END" directive. 4. Check the program for different possible integer's cases; two positives, two negatives, negative and positive. Verify the overall operations. Make sure to test cases producing an overflow. Also make use of break points in the Keil debugger to enhance and speed up the checkout. 5. Document and submit your final report along with the well documented list file and adequate debugging screen shots taken during program execution. Also describe the steps and tools used in debugging your program. 6. Explain how the use of subroutines affect the execution time and the space (memory) requirements of your executable code.

(Computation) Among other applications, Pascal’s triangle (see Figure 7.22) provides a means of determining the number of possible combinations of n things taken r at a time. For example, the number of possible combinations of five people (n = 5) taken two at a time (r=2)is10. Each row of the triangle begins and ends with 1. Every other element in a row is the sum of the element directly above it with the element to the left of the one above it. That is, element[n][r]=element[n1][r]+element[n1][r1] Using this information, write and test a C++ program to create the first 11 rows of a twodimensional array representing Pascal’s triangle. For any given value of n less than 11 and r less than or equal to n, the program should display the correct element. Use your program to determine in how many ways a committee of 8 can be selected from a group of 10 people

A(n) __________ is a storage location implemented in the CPU.

(Program) Write a program that tests the effectiveness of the rand() library function. Start by initializing 10 counters, such as zerocount, onecount, twocount, and so forth, to 0. Then generate a large number of pseudorandom integers between 0 and 9. Each time 0 occurs, increment zerocount; when 1 occurs, increment onecount; and so on. Finally, display the number of 0s, 1s, 2s, and so on that occurred and the percentage of time they occurred.

(Practice) a. Write a C++ program that adds the values of all elements in the val array used in Exercise 2 and displays the total. b. Modify the program written for Exercise 3a to display the total of each row separately.

What primitive data types can normally be represented and processed by a CPU?

How is an array stored in main memory? How is a linked list stored in main memory? What are their comparative advantages and disadvantages? Give examples of data that would be best stored as an array and as a linked list.

4. Repeat Programming Exercise 3 by declaring numl, num2, and num3, and average of type double. Store 75.35 into numl, -35.56 into num2, and 15.76 into num3.

(Numerical) Write a program that tests the effectiveness of the rand() library function. Start by initializing 10 counters to 0, and then generate a large number of pseudorandom integers between 0 and 9. Each time a 0 occurs, increment the variable you have designated as the zero counter; when a 1 occurs, increment the counter variable that’s keeping count of the 1s that occur; and so on. Finally, display the number of 0s, 1s, 2s, and so on that occurred and the percentage of the time they occurred.

___________ occurs when the result of an arithmetic operation exceeds the number of bits available to store it.